SS8 QTR1 Notes PDF

LESSON: GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA East Asia AHHHH - Humid Continental: Chilly and snowy during the MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT winter, long and hot during summers...

LESSON: GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA East Asia AHHHH - Humid Continental: Chilly and snowy during the MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT winter, long and hot during summers - Humid Subtropical: Hot humid summers and mild The environment can affect human beings by: winters Human habitation, source of livelihood, diet, clothing, Southeast Asia and religion - Tropical Rainforest: High temperatures and levels of Human can affect their environment through: humidity Overpopulation, pollution, climate change, and wildlife - Tropical Savanna: Dry weather during the cold preservation season and wet weather during hot seasons - Monsoon Seasons: Plenty of rain, especially due to REGIONAL DIVISIONS the tropical rain belt North and Central Asia North Asia: Russia - Arctic/Tundra: Tree growth hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons Central Asia (Former soviet states): Kazakhstan, - Grasslands: Continuous cover of grass Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan West Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, NATURAL RESOURCES Georgia, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab West Asia Emirates, and Yemen - Oil: Largest oil and natural reserves, economy heavily relies on it (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, South Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and UAE) Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka South Asia East Asia: China, Mongolia, Taiwan, North Korea, - Fisheries: Seafood and other maritime products South Korea, and Japan (India and Sri Lanka) Southeast Asia - Forestry: Timber, bamboo and other hardwood - Mainland Southeast Asia (Indochina): Vietnam, Laos, (India and Bangladesh) Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Peninsular - Minerals: Coal, petroleum, and uranium serve as the Malaysia major energy sources - Maritime Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Philippines, East East Asia Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, and East Timor - Agriculture: Rice, corn and barley, herding - Fisheries: Seafood (Japan, South Korea and Taiwan) CLIMATE - Minerals: Metals such as gold, magnetite and tungsten (China and North Korea) West Asia - Continental Climate: In northern region Southeast Asia - Dry Zone: In southern regions - Agriculture: Fruits and rice (staple crop) - Mediterranean Climate: In western regions - Fisheries: Easily accessible as this region is surrounded by hundreds of bodies of water South Asia - Forestry: Timber, Teak, and other lumber - Tropical Wet Zones: High temperature and frequent - Mining: Metals, oil and natural gas rainfall - Desert: Least rainfall - Highlands: Coldest climate as snow occurs year-round, covers the area of the Himalayas and northern South Asia TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES East Asia West Asia Landforms - Tibetan Plateau: World’s highest and largest plateau Landforms above sea level, sometimes called the “roof of the - Pontic Mountains: Located in Northern Turkey, world,” Earth’s “third pole” because it is one of the known as Parhar Mountains (“Parhar” means “high”) major drivers of global climate - Asir Region: 4th largest region in Saudi Arabia - Gobi Desert: 6th largest desert in the world, famous - Rub’al Khali Desert: Also known as “Empty site for dinosaur species discoveries Quarters” (due to its vast desert and surreal - Mt. Fuji: Tallest mountain in Japan, 2nd highest landscape of shifting sands), world’s largest sand sea volcano located on an island in Asia - Caucasus Mountains: Home to Mt. Elbrus (highest Waterforms peak in Europe) - Han River: Longest river in the Korean peninsula, - Anatolian Plateau: Home to earliest evidence of generates hydroelectric power sedentary and agricultural societies beyond Fertile - Huang He: Also known as the “Yellow River” or Crescent “Mother River” since it is the birthplace of the Waterforms ancient Chinese civilization, 2nd longest river in - Dead Sea: 34% salinity, named dead sea because its China salinity prevents aquatic organisms to thrive - Yangtze River: Longest river in Eurasia, 3rd longest - Red Sea: 40% salinity, contains Cyanobacteria (turns river in the world it into reddish brown color) - Pacific Ocean: Largest and deepest oceanic division - Strait of Hormuz: World’s most important oil of the world chokepoint (a narrowing that reduces the flow in a channel) Southeast Asia South Asia Landforms - Indonesian Archipelago: Largest archipelago in the Landforms world (17,000 islands) - Deccan Plateau: Significant for mining, steel - Mt. Agung: Located in Bali, Indonesia, highest peak of production, textiles; one of the oldest plateaus Bali - Indus Valley: Home to one of the earliest - Malay Peninsula: Situated between Indian Ocean and civilizations, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, known China seas which helped in trading for their urban planning and sewage system - Kra Isthmus: Narrowest part of Malay Peninsula, - Mt. Everest: Highest mountain above sea level, also known as the “Devil’s Neck” because of its located in Nepal challenging geographical features and narrow strip of - Himalayas: The highest mountain range in the world, land home to over 100 peaks Waterforms Waterforms - Gulf of Tonkin: Historically significant for its - Bay of Bengal: Largest water bay in the world, US-Vietnam incidents economic highway of eastern and western - Philippine Trench: Houses the third deepest point on hemisphere Earth “The Emden Deep” - Brahmaputra River: Helps in irrigation because of its - Mekong River: Flows through China, Myanmar, alluvial soil (made up of sediments, sand, and dirt Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, third longest that helps in making fertile land) river in Asia - Indian Ocean: 3rd largest ocean in the world - Malacca Strait: Maritime trade route between India - Ganges River: Home to 650 million people, longest and China and largest river in India LESSON: EARLY HUMANS AND Homo erectus PEOPLING OF ASIA - “Upright human” - More advanced human form TERMS - First to migrate Neanderthals Peopling: To settle or inhabit with people - Hominid - Found in the Neander Valley in Germany Theory: A plausible or scientifically acceptable - Genetic evidence indicates European and East Asian general principle or body of principles offered to humans interbred with Neanderthals explain a phenomenon - Replaced by Homo sapiens sapiens HUMAN ORIGINS Homoluzonensis - Small-body hominin Common misconception: “Humans EVOLVED - Lived in Luzon 50,000-67,000 years ago from apes” - Curved toe (suggests climbing) - Human-like species broke away from chimpanzees 7 - Discovered in Callao Cave, Cagayan in 2007 million years ago - Supports the Out of Africa theory - Humans did not evolve from apes, gorillas, or chimps but share a common ancestor How were the first humans able to migrate? - Bipedalism Hominins - Larger brain capacity - Found under Hominids - Control of fire - First of the human lineage - Adaptation - Are bipedal (walks on two feet) - Using of tools Australopithecines Timeline: Hominins, Australopithecines, Genus - “Southern ape men” Homo, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapien - First hominids - Combination of ape and human features THEORIES - Small brains - Started to make simple stone tools Out of Africa Theory - Model A: Modern humans or homo sapiens from Genus Homo Africa migrated out of Africa and replaced old - Homo sapiens sapiens: First anatomically-modern populations in other parts of the world humans - First to control fire Multiregional Hypothesis - Larger cranial capacity (larger skulls = larger - Modern humans or homo sapiens evolved in brains) different places from different populations of homo - Refined stone tools erectus through interbreeding and migration - Model B: First migration: Homo Erectus migrated Homo habilis out of Africa to other parts of the world. Second - “Skilled human” migration: After thousands of years, Homo sapiens - Had a brain 50% larger than that of from Africa migrated to interbreed with other Australopithecines (more sophisticated) populations in other parts of the world. Hobbit - Model C: After Homo Erectus migrated to other - Named that because of its small body parts of the world, they continued to interbreed and - Discovered in Indonesia in 2003 eventually evolved into Homo Sapiens - Model D: Only the Homo Erectus have migrated from Africa to other parts of the world where they eventually evolved into Homo Sapiens LESSON: PERSPECTIVES ON ASIA Continent: Huge land mass surrounded by bodies of water with adjoining land TERMS Tectonic Plate: Larger land fragments below sea level whose boundaries run deep down to the mantle Perspective: Attitude or particular way of viewing of the Earth things PERSPECTIVES Eurocentric: Views Asia as an extension of the history of Europe and as a recipient of European culture and civilization Orientalism: Views Europeans as superior to Asians in culture and race; Edward Said heavily criticized Orientalism arguing that it structured the “orient” as “other” of the West Asiacentric: Highlights the beauty of the local cultures and history of Asia to promote its own identity Colonial Mentality: A perception that one’s culture is inferior, mostly brought upon by colonization, prevalent in Asian countries due to strong Western influences and colonial past GEOGRAPHY Old Geography Asu: Assyrian word meaning rising or light; origin of the word Asia as the direction where Asia lies is where the sun rises in Assyria Ereh: Assyrian word which refers to the place where the sun sets; origin of the word Europe Anatolia: Asia as referred to by Greeks Asia Minor: Asia as referred to by Romans Asia was traditionally referred to as “East of Europe.” New Geography Geographically, Asia and Europe comprise only one continent – the Eurasia/Asiarope continent. They also share a tectonic plate, the Eurasian plate. LESSON: EMERGENCE OF Civilization Formation Theories CIVILIZATION - One theory states that challenges forced human beings to make efforts resulting in civilization TERMS - Material explanation: Material forces like the accumulation of food surpluses made possible the specialization of labor and development of large Civilization: The stage of cultural development at communities with bureaucratic organizations which writing and the keeping of written records is - Non-material explanation: Non-material forces, attained; Complex culture in which large numbers of primarily religious, provided sense of unity and people share a variety of common elements purpose that made civilization possible WHY? Areas such as the Fertile Crescent were not DEFINING CIVILIZATIONS AND naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food KABIHASNAN required massive human effort with organization and bureaucratic control Civitas - Some scholars doubt we will ever discover the actual - First used in Rome causes of early civilization - Means granting citizenship to those who have finished their military training COMPONENTS OF CIVILIZATIONS Civilization vs. Kabihasnan - Civilization: Came from the word “civitas” which Urban focus: Cities have become centers for means “city” or “life in the city”; a complex society political, economic, social, cultural, and religious with a relatively high level of cultural and development technological development Political and military structures: A system of - Kabihasnan: Came from the word “bihasa” which is a governance is established to meet the demands of the Filipino word that means expert or good at rising population and armies are organized for defense something, may denote the idea of a society with cultural and technological advancements Social structures: Upper classes included kings, priests, and warriors, common people including FACTORS FOR EMERGENCE farmers and artisans, bottom of the classes are composed of slaves Factors Material Complexity: The demand for luxury items - Usually early civilizations emerged from river-valleys by the ruling elite have led to the creations for new because these places are most suitable for products which were also traded to other neighboring agriculture and settlements populations - Natural irrigation from rivers and erosion from mountains ensures fertile land Religious structure: A “Divine Being” is deemed - Increase in food production because it can sustain important to the success of the community more people - Increase in population as people become healthier Development of writing: Writing is primarily used because of more food to keep records by priests, artisans, merchants, etc. - Increase in settlements: more people led to the need Artistic and Intellectual Activity: Monumental for establishing settlements and the creation of big architectural structures for religious purposes served cities as the landscape focus of the area; Proof of knowledge LESSON: THE GREAT CIVILIZATIONS Political Structure - Codified laws: Code of Hammurabi (282 laws CIVILIZATION IN MESOPOTAMIA emphasizing principle of retribution) Hammurabi ruled over Amorites/Old Mesopotamia: Cradle of Civilization, earliest known Babylonians (Semitic-speaking nomads) civilization to have existed; Mesopotamia in Greek Penalties were severe and varied depending on means “land between two rivers;” from 3,500 - 550 the social class of the victim BCE Focused on marriage and the family Location: Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Religion and Culture forming the Fertile Crescent region in West Asia; It - Polytheism: Sumerians worshiped several gods received little rainfall, yet the lands remained fertile for different purposes Ex: Inanna: Goddess of due to the regular overflow of the rivers and the silt it war and fertility deposits, but irregular floods could be catastrophic - Ziggurats: Temple of worship, served as dwellings of priests and priestesses Features and Contributions - Polytheistic: 4 major deities are An (Sky and most important), Enlil (Wind), Enki (Earth, rivers, wells, and crafts), Nihursaga (Soil, History mountains, vegetation, Mother of all children) - Creators were Sumerians, people with unclear - Believed Gods and Goddesses owned the cities, origins and every city had a chief God or Goddess; - Formed city-states, the basic units of Sumerian Living realities, affected all aspects of life civilization City-states: Ur, Uruk, Umma, Lagash, Eridu Social Structure 1. Elites: Royal and priestly officials and their Writing and Literature families - Cuneiform: Earliest known writing system, Sumerians viewed kingship as divine in origin developed by Sumerians, using wedges from who derived their power from Gods and were Sticks (stylus) on clay tablets Their agents - Epic of Gilgamesh: Earliest known written 2. Free commoners: Farmers, merchants, fishers, literature, narrates the story of Gilgamesh on his scribes, and crafts-people journey in seeking immortality 90% or more of the population were farmers Science, Technology, and Agriculture 3. Dependent commoners: Elites’ clients, worked - 60-based time: Sumerians developed for palace and temple estates measurement of time based on 60, 60-second 4. Slaves: Belonged to palace officials, used in minutes and 60-minute hours building projects; to temple officials, who used - Calendar: Based on the 12 lunar months mostly female slaves to weave cloth and grind - Geometry: Used in architecture grains; and to rich landowners who used them - Wheel: Earliest use of wheels in Mesopotamia, for farming and domestic work used in chariots, carts, and in pottery Decline - Irrigation and drainage: Farming and expansion of - Independent city-states grew and fought each other agriculture could only be accomplished only with - Future empires along Tigris and Euphrates will human intervention by large-scale irrigation and continue the cycle of rise and fall drainage systems to control flow of rivers and produce crops - Mud bricks: Invented the arch, dome, and utilized walls for city-states using mud bricks INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION DAWN OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION Location: Towns of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa Mother Culture: Contributions and inventions made located along the Indus River in the Indus Valley in China may be traced back to its earliest cultures – region of modern-day India and Pakistan; Sumerian the Yangshao and Longshan cultures sources refer to Indus Valley Civilization as Meluhha; from 2,500 - 1,500 BCE Location: The Shang Civilization (founded after the mythical Xia Dynasty) is located along the Yangtze River and Huang He in China; The arid and forbidding Features and Contributions landscape is a dominant feature of Chinese life and has played a significant role in Chinese history Writing and Literature - Harappan Script: Features more intricate symbols, remains undeciphered up to this day Features and Contributions Science, Technology, and Agriculture Writing and Literature - Sewage Systems: First observed in the city-states of - Oracle bone inscriptions: Earliest form of writing in the Indus Valley Civilization, smaller sewers leading China to bigger canals (Ex: Great Bath) Animal bones and turtle shells are subjected to - Measurement system: Standard units of heat and its cracks are read for fortune telling measurement, observed in uniform size of bricks for building, cities using grid patterns Science, Technology, and Agriculture - The Shang Civilization is known to be the most Political Structure advanced Bronze Age society - Center of power was Harappa - Bronze used for weapons and tools - Not a centralized monarchy but a collection of towns and cities loosely connected by ties of Religion and Culture landlords and rich merchants - Afterlife: Belief that life continues after death Burials include possessions of the deceased person Religion and Culture - Mythistory/ mythical beginnings - Citadels: High structures with a watch tower in the Shen Nong (Divine farmer): Taught techniques of middle; purpose is debatable, whether for religious agriculture purposes, defense, or simply a flood diversion Fu Xi (Ox-tamer): Taught domestication of animals, system introduced beginnings of family life - The Great Bath: Found in Mohenjo-Daro, a place for Huang Di (Yellow Emperor): Taught Chinese several social activities writing system, invention of bow and arrow - It is possible that religion had advanced beyond the Symbolizes some of the defining characteristics of stage of spirit worship to belief in a single God or Chinese civilization (Interaction between nomadic Goddess of fertility and agricultural peoples, importance of family as - Several depictions and carvings of animals (Possibility the basic unit of life, and development of a unique of animal sacrifice) system of writing) - Sculpture was the highest artistic achievement - Painted and black pottery from Yangshao and Longshan respectively Decline - Cause of the decline of the Indus Valley civilization Government remains unknown. Scholars suggest that a diversion - Centralized government observed strongly in Shang of the course of the Indus River affected agriculture - Central government with smaller governing units Issues LESSON: ASIAN RELIGIONS AND - Civilizations surrounding China possessed impressive PHILOSOPHIES skills in warfare and were sometimes aggressive in seeking wealth or territory TERMS - When China was unified and ruled by capable aaa leaders, it usually kept the nomadic intruders at bay, Religion: Human beings’ relation to that which they but in times of internal weakness, China was regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or vulnerable to outside attack, and nomadic peoples worthy of special reverence succeeded on several occasions in overthrowing Chinese rulers Principle: A general belief that you have about the way you should behave, which influences your Decline of the Shang Civilization behavior - The decline of the Shang Civilization is related to the attack of the emerging Zhou Dynasty Philosophy: Pursuit of wisdom; search for general understanding of values and reality WESTERN RELIGIONS Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism - From 600 BCE to 650 CE - Monotheistic - Founded by Zoroaster (aka Zarathurstra) in Iran/Persia Beliefs - Ahura Mazda: Only God, good spirit, supreme deity/creator, gave free will, paradise - Ahriman: Evil spirit, opposed Ahura Mazda - 3 kings (Zoroastrian priests) - Fire being a symbol of Ahura Mazda and Zoroastrianism as a whole (Pure and represents truth - Battle between good and evil; Ahura Mazda would eventually triumph Ahriman and the final separation of good and evil/last judgment at the end of the world -“Good words, good thoughts, good deeds” - Sacred book: Zend Avesta Zoroastrianism Today - After the Muslim conquest, the Zoroastrian religion declined in Iran - Followers of Zoroastrianism who immigrated to India (Due to persecution by Muslims) are called Parsi - Today, there are 10,000 - 30,000 followers in Iran, 1,400 in Pakistan and 60,000 in India (Parsi) Judaism - Gospel: Good news concerning Jesus; became the authoritative record of Jesus’s life and teachings and Judaism formed the core of the New Testament - From 3,761 BCE to present time - 12 Apostles: Most were loyal followers of Christ - Monotheistic who were able to share his life story - Origin: Israel - Emphasized the transformation of inner person rather than strict following of tradition Beliefs - Resurrection: Most important belief of the Christian - Yahweh (YHWH): freely elected the Jews to have a Doctrine (Lived, died and rose again.) conventional relationship with him; Creator of the He overcame death, resurrected, and ascended world and everything in it into heaven - Covenant: Promise or contract about obeying Hailed as “Christ” by his followers (meaning the Yahweh and in return, Yahweh will take care of the anointed one) Israelites (Chosen People) spoken by Yahweh to - St. Paul of Tarsus/Saul: Spread Christianity to Moses Gentiles (Non-Jews) - Law: 10 commandments, covenant can only be - Emperor Constantine’s Vision: Made the Chi Rho fulfilled by obeying the Law of God symbol, established the Edith of Milan which allowed God’s ideal behavior: “You shall not murder, you free will of religion; tolerated Christianity in Rome shall not steal, and you shall not commit adultery” - Theodosius the Great: Made Christianity the official - Torah: Sacred text, directly means teaching, religion of the Roman Empire (Edict of Thessalonica) direction, guidance, or law (ex. Pentateuch; First 5 - Sacred book: Bible books of the Bible) found in the Tanakh - Prophets: Voice of god, taught that God will judge all Christianity Today nations and did not simply accept the Gods of their - Christianity was able to attract many followers for conquerors and neighbors its promise of salvation, the familiarity of Jesus being human rather than mythological, promise of eternal Judaism Today: 15.3 million Jews worldwide life, and spiritual equality for all people - Branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic Eastern Christianity Orthodox, Protestants, Baptists, Church of the Latter Day saints, Iglesia Ni Cristo, “Born-Again” Christianity Christians, MCGI, and more - From 30 CE to present time - 2.38 billion Christians worldwide - Monotheistic - Origin: Israel Islam Beliefs Islam - Jesus: Palestinian Jew from Galilee (specifically - From 610 to present time Nazareth); emphasized the transformation of the - Means “submission,” implying submission to Allah inner person as more important than strict following - Monotheistic of tradition, taught values of humility, peace, and - Founded by Muhammad/Mohammed in Mecca/Saudi brotherly love Born in 570 AD in Mecca Called Messiah meaning savior and Christ meaning Believed to be the last prophet sent by Allah anointed one - Followers are Muslims Revolutionary for Roman authorities in Palestine because He might transform Jewish expectations of Beliefs a messianic kingdom into a revolt against Rome; - Accompanied by the angel Gabriel, Muhammad Pontius Pilate, a Roman procurator, ordered his experienced visions that made him inspired by Allah. crucifixion He traveled to Medina to build his own community or Umma. With his own army, he came to reconquer Mecca from the ruling Quraysh tribe - Hijra/Hegira: Historic flight of Muhammad from EAST ASIAN RELIGIONS AND Mecca to Medina city of the Prophet); marks the first PHILOSOPHIES date on the Muslim calendar - Shari’a: Law code of Islam Confucianism Drawn up by Muslim scholars known as Ulama Much of the Shari’a was drawn from existing legal Confucianism regulations or from the Hadith, a collection of the - From 2,500 BCE to present time sayings of the prophets that was used to - Founded by Confucius (from Latin version of supplement the revelations contained in the holy Kongfuzi/Master Kong) in China, state of Lu, scriptures province of Shandong - Qur’an: Holy book of Islam, contains visions of Muhammad (114 suras/chapters) Beliefs - Ka’ba: A massive black meteorite housed in a central - Development of a good moral character through ren shrine in the commercial city of Mecca that possess - Filial piety: Promotes devotion to family especially sacred qualities - Analects: Collection of teachings and thoughts of Confucius Practices Adopted a detached/skeptical view of heaven - 5 Pillars of Islam Useless to speculate on metaphysical questions Salaat: To pray 5 times a day Believed there was rational order to the universe Shahadah: Belief in Allah and Muhammad as his and to concentrate one’s attention on ordering the prophet affairs of this world Zakat: Giving alms to the poor - Dao/The Way: All humans had their own Dao and it Sawm: Observation of Ramadan is their duty to follow it; the key to proper behavior Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca (Similar to Dharma of India) - Jihad: Struggle to fight evil within oneself Concept of duty: All individuals are responsible for “Striving in the name of Allah” subordinating their own wants for the needs of the “Holy War”: Equated to crusades, actions against family and community non-believers Idea of humanity/human-heartedness: Concept of a - Praying inside mosques sense of compassion and empathy for others, “Do - Mihrab: Indicator of the location of Mecca not do unto others what you would not wish done Men and women pray separately facing the Mihrab to yourself” (Tolerance) - Eid’l Adha: Holiday celebrating prophet’s Abraham’s If a ruler ignores his Dao, it can result in the loss of willingness to sacrifice his sons to Allah the Mandate of Heaven - Eid’l Fitr: Holiday celebrating the end of Ramadan Confucianism Today Islam in the Philippines - China’s government actively promotes it as it also - Muslim traders arrived in the Philippines and spread promotes social order and obedience to government the religion across the archipelago - Most followers are found in - Moro: Identifying religious affiliation Became a symbol of resistance - Bangsamoro: Moro nation; fought against Spaniards Daoism/Taoism - Bangsa Tangga: Sharing one religious and political structure, Islam transformed the archipelago into a Daoism/Taoism single nation - From 400 BCE to present times - Founded by a contemporary of Confucius known as Misconceptions/Stereotypes: Islam is always Laozi or Lao Tzu, the Old Master in China associated with acts of terrorism, violence and mass murder. The term “radical Islam” was created to define the religion’s association to acts of violence. Beliefs - No writings or fixed dogmas - Philosophies and ideas written in Tao de Ching/Dao - Ideological and emotional force that knits the de Ching Japanese into a single people and nation - Dao/Tao/The Way: Harmonious natural order in the - No complex metaphysical super-structure or world elaborate moral code - Differs from Confucianism as it presents a view of - Amaterasu: Most important Kami life and meaning that is almost diametrically opposed to that of Confucianism Shintoism Today - The will of heaven is not action but inaction (wu - Issues surrounding the Yakusini/Yasukuni Shinto wei); the best way to act in harmony with the Shrine still persists today as it commemorates universe is to act spontaneously and let nature take people who died for the Japanese Emperor, including its course war criminals Controversial for the WW2 participants Daoism Today commemorated there, as Japan has not properly - Followers are mostly in Taiwan, Vietnam, and China addressed their wrongdoings during that time to - Daoist rituals were suppressed or controlled by the the newer generations Chinese Government as they claimed that Daoist rituals can lead you to jail SOUTH ASIAN RELIGIONS Legalism Brahmanism Legalism Brahmanism - From 475 BCE to 200 BCE - From 2,000 BCE to 1,500 BCE - Founded by and Han Fei Zi Influenced by Shang Yang - Early Aryan belief originating in India and Li Si in China - Predecessor of Hinduism Beliefs Beliefs - Humans are inherently selfish and evil - Based on a pantheon of Gods and Goddesses - Confucian morality is unreliable in establishing order representing great forces of nature, inspired by - Punishment and laws are necessary for order Greek mythology - All human actions should be directed to the effort of Dyaus: Parent God, Aryan version of Zeus creating a strong and prosperous state subject to his Indra: Warrior God, represented in nature by will thunder Varuna: God of justice, replaced Indra Legalism Today - Vedas: Set of 4 collections of hymns and religious - Asian countries such as Singapore enforce harsh ceremonies, sacred texts of divine relations of punishments or fines Brahman through Brahmins - Caning as a legal punishment exists in Asia Brahman: Creator, ultimate reality, universal intellect Shintoism Brahmins: Priestly upper class - Reincarnation: A soul is reborn in a different form Shintoism after death, goes through several existences until it - From 1,000 BCE to present time reaches its final destination in a union with the Great - Origin: Japan World Soul, Brahman - Polytheistic and animistic Rebirth determined by one’s karma or actions in their past life Beliefs - Shinto: The Sacred Way or Way of the Gods - Kami: Shinto Gods, nature spirits, and ancestral spirits in the atmosphere Practices - Moksha: Search for eternal truth (The end of the - Human sacrifice: Headed by priestly class, key means samsara); overcoming ignorance and desires to communicate with celestial forces - Self-discipline: Usually involved self-mutilation/self-harm, replaced sacrifice as a means of communication with Gods - Asceticism: Avoidance of indulgence; originally was for achieving magical powers, but later was seen as a means of spiritual meditation that enabled them to reach beyond material reality to a world of truth and bliss beyond earthly joy and sorrow Practiced as well in Hinduism, the religion that emerged from Brahmanism, and transformed into Yoga Hinduism Hinduism Buddhism - From 1,500 BCE to present time - Emerged from Brahmanism and early Indian religious Buddhism tradition - From 528 BCE to present times - Existed in the Vedic period - Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, “the Buddha” in northern India Beliefs From Southern Nepal from a cast of Kshatriya - Believed in many gods (33,000) but regarded them as Prophesied to be a great ruler or holy man different manifestations of one ultimate reality - Spread in Ashoka (Mauryan Empire), where it (Brahman) became the state religion - Hindu Trimurti: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva - Sent Buddhist missionaries throughout India Brahma: Creator (Highest God) Vishu: Preserver Beliefs Shiva: Destroyer (Originally Vedic God Rudra) - Accepted the belief system of Brahmanism, if not all - Social hierarchy existed in Hinduism before of its practices Brahmanism (Caste system) - 4 Sights: 4 realities Siddhartha saw on a journey From highest ranked to lowest: Brahmins, Old man: Represents decline with age Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras Illness: Represents that people get ill in their - Hindus who specifically worshiped Vishnu and Shiva lifetime were divided into Vishnuites and Shaivites Dead Person: Shows that everyone dies eventually respectively Ascetic man: Monk or person who practices severe - Atman: Individual soul self-discipline and abstention; made Siddhartha - Samsara: Cycle of birth and rebirth; reincarnation curious to seek more truth Gave hope to people and motivated them to do - Bodhi Tree: Represents wisdom, tree of awakening good for a good rebirth (Where Siddhartha achieved enlightenment) - Great World Soul (Brahman): Escape from Samsara - Nirvana: A desireless state of bliss, absence of - Karma: Refers to one’s actions (bad or good) in life; suffering, “blowing out,” the final reunion of the self determines the next life of the individual, governed with the Great World Soul by Dharma - Atman: Individual soul; soul subject to rebirth and - Dharma: Law regulating a human behavior did not achieve full liberation Differs depending on social status - 4 Noble truths: Life is suffering, suffering is caused by LESSON: COLONIALISM desire, the way to end suffering is to end desire, the way to avoid suffering is to live life in moderation TERMS through the Eightfold Path - Religious structures built under Ashoka: Pillar, stupa, Colonialism: A practice of domination solely and rock chamber through military force which involves subjugation of Pillar: Commemorates Buddha’s life one people to another; control of one region by Stupa: Houses a relic of Buddha another through establishing colonies Rock chamber: Provides monks or wandering ascetics shelter Imperialism: Act of extending control or authority over other nations other nations either by diplomatic, Practices cultural, economic, or military influence; policy of - The Eightfold Path extending rule of a nation or empire over foreign Right knowledge, occupation, speech, conduct, nation and of taking and holding foreign colonies meditation, purpose, effort, and awareness IMPERIALISM Jainism Types of Imperialism Jainism - From 500 BCE to present times Concession Imperialism: Getting economic - Founded by Mahavira, a contemporary of Siddhartha, privileges and rights in India Protectorate: Runs its own daily affairs but is Beliefs controlled by an imperialist nation - Jiva: Soul All living things possess a soul Sphere of Influence: An area where an imperialist - Live in extreme simplicity (No possessions and nation has exclusive economic rights reliance on begging) Eras of Imperialism Sikhism Old Imperialism Sikhism - Motivated by the 3Gs - From 469 CE to present times - Military conquest of native peoples - Founded by Guru Nanak in Punjab, India New Imperialism - Monotheistic - Motivated by desire to expand markets and sources Beliefs of raw materials - One universal God who guides and protects - Establishment of protectorates and spheres of - Everyone is equal before God influence - Our actions are important and we should lead a good life AGE OF EXPLORATION Islam and the Spice Trade: 13th century Arabs arrived in seaports on the islands of Sumatra and Java European Exploration 3Gs: God, Gold, Glory Marco Polo’s adventures inspired other Europeans to Nature of Colonial Rule explore the world. - Democratic reforms: Slow creation of democratic institutions/educational reforms Ottoman control of Constantinople forced - Economic development: Main concern is economic Europeans to look for an alternate route for spices profit in capital-centered industrial development Portugal Empire’s Explorers Assimilation: Transforming colonial societies to the - Prince Henry the Navigator: Portugal initiated likeness of their colonial masters exploration under his sponsorship; founded a school for navigators Association: Collaborating with local leaders and - Vasco De Gama: Led a fleet that reached India in leaving local traditions alone order to destroy Muslim monopoly over the spice trade NATIONALISM - Alfonso de Albuquerque: Seized Malacca in 1511 to give Portuguese a route to the Spice Islands and Traditional Resistance China - Performed by indigenous people, local ruling class, - Ferdinand Magellan traveled around the world from and peasants 1519 to 1522 - Motives for resistance: Cultural preservation, - Dutch East India Company was established in 1602 religious preservation, political autonomy, Centered in Batavia (Jakarta) social injustice - Utilized astrolabe, caravel, and magnetic compass - Motives for collaboration: Self-interest, preservation of power SPREAD OF COLONIAL RULE Colonialism and Imperialism brought technological Motives advancements and western thought to Asia. However, - Old imperialism: Christianity & spices (Roman and it also led to the exploitation and enslavement of Mongol empire) many Asians. Colonization brought the consciousness - New imperialism: Capitalist motives (Europe and US) of modern nationhood to many Asian Societies. - Both involve territorial expansion Nationalism was a reaction to colonialism. - Europeans needed raw materials from Asia to fuel Nation: Community that shares common institutions, their industries traditions, languages, and customs Tactics Nationalism: Awareness of being part of the nation; - British in India: Europeans intensified their presence may be a result of common shared experiences and influence in nations that were about to collapse - Spain in the Philippines: Europeans took advantage of Modern Nationalism: More than preservations of states with no centralized authorities tradition institutions; focused on nationhood and post - Dutch in Japan: Europeans had been limited to colonial identity controlling regional trading networks - In the early 19th century, Europeans shift their tactics and began to assert extensive control over colonial territories rich in raw materials Types of Colonial Rule - Direct rule: Removal of local elites and installation of colonial masters (Ex: British leaders in India) - Indirect rule: Installing loyal local leaders to administer colonial policies (Ex: Filipino leaders with American intervention in the Philippines)