Spring 2022 Exam 1 Review Guide PDF

Spring 2022 -- Exam 1 Study Guide Lecture 1: History and Intro to Neurons [Definitions: ] trephination ventricles phrenology equipotentiality golgi staining synapse nucleus ribosomes Cell Theory Neuron Doctrine Neurons Axon Dendrite Soma Synaptic terminal Law of Dynamic Polarizatio...

Spring 2022 -- Exam 1 Study Guide Lecture 1: History and Intro to Neurons [Definitions: ] trephination ventricles phrenology equipotentiality golgi staining synapse nucleus ribosomes Cell Theory Neuron Doctrine Neurons Axon Dendrite Soma Synaptic terminal Law of Dynamic Polarization [Concepts: Be able to describe, define and/or differentiate] Aristotle v. Hippocrates view of brain's purpose Function of axon, dentrite, soma, axon termail Presynaptic v. postsynaptic neuron Neurons v. glial cells Sensory v. motor v. internerouns How modern neuroscience is a combination of Phrenology and equipotentiality Ramon y Cajal\'s contribution to neuroscience \- Neuron doctrine and Law of dynamic polarization The parts of the neuron and what they do (functional boundaries) Lecture 2: Cell Biology of Neurons [Definitions:] Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Plasma Membrane Genotype Phenotype [Concepts: Be able to describe, define and/or differentiate ] Kinesis v. dynein motor proteins Anterograde v. retrograde transport Condensation reaction to form polypeptides How proteins are made start to finish How many levels of structure can a protein have Defining characteristics of proteins/amino acids β-amyloid and neurofibrilliary tangles/plaques -differences between brain injury and Alzheimer's Properties of the plasma membrane - Hydrophobic v. hydrophilic - Diffusion v facilitated diffusion - Active v passive transport - How does changing ion concentrations (inside or outside of the cell) or conductance affect resting V~m~ Lecture 4 -- Action Potentials [Concepts: Be able to describe, define and/ore differentiate] Depolarization v. hyperpolarization Voltage-gated v. ligand gated v. leak channels Voltage gated sodium channel inactivation Voltage gated sodium channels v. Voltage gated potassium channel kinetics Positive feedback loops in an AP - What interrupts the positive feedback loop of the AP Ionic basis of the action potential - All channels involved, types of gating, order of events, ion movements (current), changes in Vm, why AP is an all or none response Lecture 5 -- AP conduction - Symptoms - How and why is AP conduction affected - How can partial recovery occur - What does MRI tell us about MS - Why are Ca2+ channel blockers used as treatment - What factors affect susceptibility Lecture 6 -- Synaptic Transmission [Definitions:] Affinity Potency Agonist Antagonist Ligand Exogenous Endogenous Neurotransmitter Neuromuscular Junction Synaptic Vesicle SNARE complex Acetylcholinesterase Acetylcholine Receptor GABA Receptor [Concepts: Be able to define, describe and differentiate ] Local v. long distance signaling Agonist v. antagonist Endogenous v. exogenous ligands Excitatory v. Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials Locations of excitatory v. Inhibitory Synapses Spatial v. temporal summation Postsynaptic potentials v. action potentials Describe the order of steps leading to transmitter release and how transmitters can change Postsynaptic membrane potentials How can the same neurotransmitter have both excitatory and inhibitory effects? How benzodiazepines and barbiturates act modulators on the GABA receptor? Calcium: - When does it enter the axonal terminal? - Why is it necessary for synaptic vesicle transmission - What happens at the NMJ in the presence of BoTox? Myasthenia Gravis: - Symptoms - Is disruption by auto-antibodies presynaptic or postsynaptic - How is the synapse affected and how does this relate to treatments? Lecture 7 -- Learning and Memory [Definitions:] Learning Memory Classical conditioning Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Hippocampal Place Cells Hebb's Postulate Magnesium Block Glutamate Receptor Sensitization Habituation LTP LTD [Concepts: Be able to describe, define and/or differentiate] Procedural v. declarative memory Conditioned v. unconditioned stimulus Synaptic depression v. facilitation Sensitization v. Habituation Hippocampi of taxi v. bus drivers AMPA v. NMDA receptors: - Different gating properties - Activation allows what different ions to enter the neuron - Activation depends on frequency stimulation of postsynaptic neuron - Calcium entry does what two things to AMAP receptors? - - Water maze v. radial arm maze Lecture 8 -- Epilepsy and Memory Loss [Neuroanatomy terms (locate and describe function):] Brain areas for memory formation and storage: - hippocampus -- memory consolidation; especially spatial/declarative - striatum of the basal ganglia -- procedural (motor( memory - extrastriate visual cortex- visual memory - prefrontal cortex- temporal ordering of memories - amygdala -- emotional significance of memories [Definitions:] Epilepsy Seizures EEG recording Korsakoff's syndrome Confabulation Neural plasticity [Be able to differentiate and/or explain:] Partial v. generalized seizures Anterograde v. retrograde amnesia Sensory v. short-term v. long-term memory Explicit v. implicit memory Semantic v. episodic v. procedural memory Memory consolidation v. memory storage Basal ganglia v. hippocampus for memory formation - striatum required for procedural memory - basal ganglia involved with habit forming - Parkinson's and Huntington's patients have procedural deficits - Hippocampus for declarative (spatial) memory [Be able to describe:] H.M's seizure symptoms pre-surgery H.M's memory loss symptoms post-surgery Brain areas removed in H.M. surgery What neural mechanisms underlie memory formation? What is the effect of an enriched environment on neural anatomical structures?