SPMA 1P97 Week 2 PDF

Selecting and planning research Proposals and projects Quiz study Course introduction Theory Epistemology What's an anthology Read through powerpoint notes Second week Today's slides. Quiz study stuff class notes. What do we mean by ethics? The moral principles guiding research. Types of ethics...

Selecting and planning research Proposals and projects Quiz study Course introduction Theory Epistemology What's an anthology Read through powerpoint notes Second week Today's slides. Quiz study stuff class notes. What do we mean by ethics? The moral principles guiding research. Types of ethics Procedural: avoiding harm, gaining informed consent, respecting the privacy of individuals and avoiding the use of deception. Situational; the often subtle and sometimes complex ways in which ethics must be applied to practise Relational: the researcher attempts to be true to one's character and responsible for one's actions and their consequences. Ethical principles Avoid harm to participants Ensure informed consent of participants Respect the privacy/ confidentiality of participants Avoid the use of deception. 2 and 3 very important for quiz Purpose of a literature review Provides an up to date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure Identifies significant issue and themes that present themselves for further research particularly where there are gaps in current knowledge Guides development of research topics and questions Presents the kinds of research methodologies and tools that have been used in other studies, which may guide the design of the proposed study. A tale of two literatures One portion of the literature review describes the focus of study. Another portion of the literature review describes the methods. The literature search journey It isn't a point- A to- B plan Timely process Know where your sources are or originate from Literature search process Choose search term Sequence the search Search source materials Critically evaluate sources Searching tips – research gate Look out for pdf sources on google scholar for professional and practitioner reports Search for authors of key texts- you may discover the other related pieces Look at the title, table of contents, preface, references, and publisher of a book to determine its relevance. Don't forget to search grey literature Literature reviews; synthesizing and integrating information A good literature review will answer the following questions What do we know about a problem/ topic and its results to date. how ( by what methods and measures) do we know things about a problem/ topic Not summarizing information, but instead critically showcasing knowledge gaps Systematic reviews Systematic and orgnized to avoid reasurhc bias Transparents and explicit using audit trail for decisions Replaceable and easily updateable Sythesizes the evidence to answer the specific pre- set questions. Selecting a research topic Source of ideas= literature, experiences, surroundings A good topic will… Interest you Meet academic/ workplace requirements Give you free rein to maximise self development Topics to avoid To big or too trivial Lacking resource materials and personal interest Non sport related Unethical Research proposals Documents that discuss issues like… The proposed subject of research What the research intends to achieve The methods by which the research will be conducted What will be learned from the research and why it is worth doing Organisational research proposals Two types In response to a request for proposals or invitations to bid from government agencies or companies For submissions to an internal organisation or department, often in response to a request for help with a problem or a need to improve a product or service. Quiz #1 september 20th 20 multiple choice questions Based ont he powerpoint lecture content and oral communication about key concepts and principles 45 minutes Bring pencil for the scantron sheet Practise question All of the above Subjectivism Quiz study Globalisation - Used to describe a world that is becoming increasingly integrated and interdependent and where large international organisations dominate. - Research methods he;p people understand, predict and control their internal external environments Real- world research A systematic and organised effort to investigate a specific problem that needs a solution Could focus on- achieving measurable outputs that are specific to a particular society or organisation Clarifying, validating or building a theory. Basic and applied research Basic research: expanding knowledge of social or organisational processes Develop universal principles Produce findings of significance and value to society Applied research: improve understanding of specific or social or organisational problems Create solutions to social or organisational problems Develop findings of practical relevance to public and organisational stakeholders What is the real world? Any setting where humans come together for communication relationships or discourse: business, hospitals, schools, colleges or other organizations Communities where people live, including residential areas, parks, shops, local amenities or areas where people congregate. Networks such as community groups, educationalist, professional associations The research process simplified Identify broad area for research Select topic Formulate research Decide approach Formulate plan Collect information Analyse data Present findings Important things Inductive reasoning Moving from fragmented details to a connected view of a situation: engaging with theoretical perspectives after research.  Plan data collection Analyse data to see if any patterns to emerge that suggest relationship between variables Construct generalisations, relationships and theories from these patterns Deductive reasoning Starting with a universal view of a situation and working backwards to particular; engaging with theoretical perspectives before research; Create a hypothesis; An assertion about two or more concepts that attempts to explain the relationship between them. Elaborate set of principles/ allied ideas Create measures and indicators to measure ideas Test these ideas through experimentation confirm , refute or modify the hypothesis Relationships between epistemology, theoretical perspectives, methodology, and research methods ontology and epistemology Ontology: the nature of existence and existence and what constitutes reality understanding what is. Epistemology: a philosophical background for deciding what kinds of knowledge are legitimate and adequate, understanding “what is means to know” Helps clarify research designs( structure, tools, type of evidence gathered). Help researcher recognize which designs will work Epistemological stances Objectivism: research is about discovering the objective truth, not including subjective/ researcher values. Constructivism: truth and meaning are created by the subject interactions with the world meaning is constructed, not discovered. Subjectivism; meaning does not emerge from the interplay between subject and world; subjects do construct meaning, but do so from within collective unconsciousness. Theoretical perspectives: part one Positivism: - Reality consists of what is available to the sense- what can be seen, smelt touched - Inquiry should be based upon scientific observation( as opposed to philosophical speculation) - Natural and human sciences share common logical and methodological principles dealing with facts and not with values. - Research results presented as objective facts  Post positivism - Most researches inhabit this perspective - Anti positivist, post- positivist, naturalistic - There is an independent reality to be studied, but all observations are fallible Interpretivism - The world is interpreted through classifications schemes of mind - Looking to deduce laws( natural science) or actions of individuals( social science) Theoretical perspectives: part two Critical inquiry - Questions currently hold values/ assumptions and challenges conventional social structures. - Invites researchers and participants to discards ‘false consciousness in order to develop new ways of understanding. Feminism - What person knows is largely determined by his or her social position - Seeks to demystify pure objectivity and universality of knowledge Postmodernism - Rejects social emancipation; emphaszies multiplicity, ambiguity, ambivalence, fragmentation - Texts are social practises that can embed values/ interests Pragmatism - Ideology is only true if it works and generates practical consequences for society Experimental and quasi experimental