Spectrum Revision Notes (Ch 1-38) PDF

lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Spectrum Revision Notes (ch 1 to ch 38) Unit Operations And Unit Processes Laboratory (SRM Institute of Science and Technology) StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university D...

lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Spectrum Revision Notes (ch 1 to ch 38) Unit Operations And Unit Processes Laboratory (SRM Institute of Science and Technology) StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Prabhat Singh ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 1 of 156 Arora IAS Spectrum - Modern History Revision Notes Chapter 1 to 38 www.AroraIAS.com Updated Notes for 2020 & 2021 (Made by Gumnaam Baba) www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 2 of 156 Chapter-1 Sources for the History of Modern India Archive materials-  Central government-  National Archives of India, located in New Delhi  James Rennell as the first Surveyor General of Bengal in 1767  State government-records comprise of  Former British Indian provinces  princely states which were incorporated in the Indian Union after 1947  the foreign administrations  Kingdom of Lahore popularly known as Khalsa Darbar  Pre-British public archives in India is the Peshwa Daftar-maratha kingdom housed in the Alienation Office, Pune.  Rajasthan State Archives at Bikaner-history of princely states  the history of Dogra rule from 1846 in Jammu and Kashmir-housed at jammu  Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal and Rewa, all archives in Madhya Pradesh,  Travancore and Cochin in Kerala, Mysore in Karnataka and Kolhapur in Maharashtra.  Three presidencies- Archives of Bombay Presidency, housed in the Maharashtra Secretariat Record Office, Mumbai, are extremely useful in studying the history of Western India  Other European rulers-  Dutch records of Cochin and Malabar are in the Madras Record Office and those of Chinsura in the state archives of West Bengal  The French archives of Chandernagore and Pondicherry (now Puducherry)  were taken to Paris  The archives of the Danish possessions were also transferred to Copenhagen when the Dutch sold Tranquebar and Serampore to the English East India Company in 1845.  The remaining Danish records relating to Tranqueba housed in the Madras Record Office  Judicial records-  The records of the Mayor’s Court at Bombay established in 1728 are available in the Maharashtra Secretariat Record Office  Published records-  Private archives-  Indian National Congress ‘s records are housed in the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library in New Delhi  Foreign repositories-  The Archives Nationale, Paris, and the Archives of the French Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Colonies and War, have records that throw light on the history of French possessions  The British Museum possesses collections of papers of British viceroys, secretaries of states and other high ranked civil and military officials who were posted in India  The records of the Dutch East India Company is available in Rijksarchief, The Hague, and that of the Danish and Portuguese are kept in Copenhagen and Lisbon, respectively.  Biographies,memoirs and travel accounts- Abbe Dubois-Hindu Manners and Customs British travellers  James Burnes -Narrative of a Visit to the Court of Sinde  Alexander Burnes -Travels Into Bokhara  C.J.C. Davidson-Diary of the Travels and Adventures in Upper India  John Butler -Travels and Adventures in the Province of Assam www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 3 of 156 Non-British travellers  Victor Jacquemont-Letters from India describing a journey in the British Dominions of India, Tibet, Lahore and Cashmere during the years 1828-1829—1831  Baron Charles -Travels in Kashmir and the Punjab  Newspapers and journals- o first newspaper in India entitled The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser Calcutta gazette-1784 o Madras courier-1788 o Bombay herald-1789 o The Hindu and Swadesamitran -G. Subramaniya Iyer, o Kesari and Mahratta -Bal Gangadhar Tilak, o Bengalee -Surendranath Banerjea o Amrita Bazaar Patrika - Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh, o Sudharak -Gopal Krishna Gokhale, o Indian Mirror - N.N. Sen, o Voice of India - Dadabhai Naoroji, o Hindustan and Advocate - G.P. Varma. o The Tribune and Akhbar-i-Am in Punjab, o Indu Prakash, Dnyan Prakash, Kal and Gujarati in Bombay, o Som Prakash Banganivasi and Sadharani in Bengal o Indian nationalists and revolutionaries living abroad published newspapers and journals—  Indian Sociologist (London, Shyamji Krishnavarma), o Bande Matram (Paris, Madam Cama), o Talwar (Berlin, Virendranath Chattopadhyay) o Ghadar (San Francisco, Lala Hardayal)  Oral evidence-  Creative literature-  Bankim Chandra Chatterji (1838-94)- Anand Math-sanyasi revolt of 1760 (1882),Rajasimha-his last work  Icharam Suryaram Desai-Hind ane Britanica-gujarati  Girija Devi and Ramatirtha Thammal, who wrote Mohanra Rajani (1931) and Dasikalin Mosa Valai (1936) respectively-tamil  G.V. Krishna Rao’s Kilubommalu (The Puppets, 1956)-telugu  Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1910-1994) -Balyakala Sakhi (The Childhood Friends,1944)  Thakazhi Siva Sankara- Tottiyude Makan (Son of a Scavenger, 1948) and Chemmin (Shrimps, 1956)- malayalam  Painting-  Company Paintings, also referred as ‘Patna Kalam’  Focused on street and bazar paintings shows british heroism and british sufferings in india.  Relief of Lucknow, painted by Thomas Jones Barker in 1859  In Memoriam by Joseph Noel Paton, recorded in painting two years of the revolt of 1857  Kalighat painting fore in Calcutta  Abaindranath tagore started Bengal school of painting FORTS-  FORT WILLIAMS-BENGAL  FORT St. GEORGE-MADRAS  FORT St. ANGELO-MALABAR www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 4 of 156 Chapter-2 Major Approaches to the History of Modern India Approaches- 1. Colonial approach- 2 senses-  I-The history of the colonial countries  II-Works which were influenced by the colonial ideology of domination  Certain characteristics common to most of the works of these historians are the following: (i) ‘Orientalist’ representation of India; (ii) The opinion that the British brought unity to India; (iii) The notions of Social Darwinism—the English considered themselves superior to the ‘natives’ and the fittest to rule; (iv) India viewed as a stagnant society which required guidance from the British (White Man’s burden); and (v) Establishing Pax Britannica to bring law and order and peace to a bickering society. 2. Nationalist approach-  Economists-Dada bhai Naroji, MG Ranade, GV Joshi, RC Dutta.  Nationalists-Jawaharlal Nehru, GK Gokhale, RC Majumdar, AC mazumdar,Pattabi Sittaramayya 3. Marxist approach-  Contradiction between interests of colonial masters and subject people and also internal contradiction between the subject people  Rajni Palme Dutta’s -India Today ( first published in 1940 in England, was later published in India in 1947)  A.R. Desai’s -Social Background of Indian Nationalism.( was first published in 1948)  R.P. Dutt’s-paradigm Criticism to R.P. Dutta -Sumit Sarkar- considers Dutta’s paradigm as a “simplistic version of the Marxian class approach”. He looks at the nationalist leaders in the light of intelligentsia which acts as a “kind of proxy for as yet passive social forces with which it had little organic connection”. 4. Subaltern approach-  Contradiction between interests of elites and subaltern from 1980s.  Criticizing INC and Nationalist elite leaders  School of thought began- Ranjit guha 5. Communalist approach-  Interests were mutually different and antagonistic to each other of permanent hostile groups e.g- Hindus and Muslims 6. Cambridge school-  Fundamental contradiction under colonial rule was among the Indians themselves.  It takes the mind or ideals out of human behaviour and reduces nationalism to ‘animal politics’ 7. Liberal and neo-liberal interpretations- www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 5 of 156  Economic exploitation of the colonies was not beneficial to the British people as a whole.  India was seen as a source of raw materials and markets so lot of investments in India was done and not in Britain.  Hence delayed development of new small industries in Britain. 8. Feminists approach-  Womens role in independence movements. Social atrocities, deniel of ownership  The High Caste Hindu Woman (1887) by Pandita Ramabai,  Mother India (1927) by Katherine Mayo www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 6 of 156 CHAPTER-3 Advent of the Europeans in India 1.The Portuguese in India-1498  Quest for and Discovery of a Sea Route to India  In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks  Red Sea trade route was a state monopoly from which Islamic rulers earned tremendous revenues.  land routes to India were also controlled by the Arabs.  Fifteenth-century-spirit of the Renaissance in Europe.  Prosperity also grew and with it the demand for oriental luxury goods also increased.  Prince Henry of Portugal, who was nicknamed the ‘Navigator’  Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), rulers of Portugal and Spain divided non-Christian world between them by an imaginary line in the Atlantic, some 1,300 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands.  Portugal could claim and occupy everything to the east of the line while Spain could claim everything to the west.  From Trading to Ruling 1.Vasco Da Gama  Arrival of Vasco Da Gama, led by a Gujarati pilot named Abdul Majid, at Calicut in May 1498.  Ruler of Calicut -Zamorin (Samuthiri)-1498  Arab traders, who had a good business on the Malabar coast  Participants in the Indian Ocean —Indians, Arabs, Africans from the east coast, Chinese, Javanese  Pedro Alvarez Cabral to trade for spices, negotiating and establishing a factory at Calicut, where he arrived in September 1500.  Vasco da Gama set up a trading factory at Cannanore  Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin became the important trade centres of the Portuguese. 1.Francisco De Almeida  In 1505, the King of Portugal appointed a governor in India-Francisco De Almeida  Built fortresses at Anjadiva, Cochin, Cannanore and Kilwa  Policy was known as the Blue Water Policy (cartaze system). 1.Alfonso de Albuquerque  Real founder of the Portuguese power in the East  Portuguese strongholds in East Africa, off the Red Sea, at Ormuz; in Malabar; and at Malacca.  Sultan of Bijapur became the first bit of Indian territory to be under the Europeans 1.Nino da Cunha  November 1529  Headquarters shifted from Cochin to Goa  Bahadur Shah of Gujarat promised them a base in Diu.  Humayun withdrew from Gujarat in 1536.  Favorable Conditions for Portuguese  Gujarat, ruled by the powerful Mahmud Begarha (1458-1511)  The Portuguese had cannons placed on their ships.  Portuguese State  Sixty miles of coast around Goa  The Portuguese established military posts and settlements on the east coast at San Thome (in Chennai) and Nagapatnam (in Andhra)  Treaties were signed between Goa and the Deccan sultans in 1570  The Portuguese always had a role to play in the successive battles for the balance of power between Vijayanagara and the Deccan sultans, between the Deccanis and the Mughals, and between the Mughals and the Marathas. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 7 of 156  Portuguese Administration in India  The Vedor da Fazenda, responsible for revenues and the cargoes and dispatch of fleets.  Religious Policy of the Portuguese  Intolerant towards the Muslims  Zeal to promote christainity.  Portuguese Lose Favor with the Mughals  1608, Captain William Hawkins with his ship Hector reached Surat. Jahangir appointed him as a mansabdar of 400 at a salary of Rs 30,000.  In November 1612, the English ship Dragon under Captain Best along with a little ship, the Osiander, successfully fought a Portuguese fleet.  Capture of Hooghly-  On the basis of an imperial farman circa 1579, the Portuguese had settled down on a river bank which was a short distance from Satgaon in Bengal and later migrated to Hooghly.  On June 24, 1632-Hooghly was seized.  Bengal governor- Qasim Khan  Decline of the Portuguese  Emergence of powerful dynasties in Egypt, Persia and North India and the rise of the turbulent Marathas as their immediate neighbours.  Religious policies of the Portuguese gave rise to political fears.  Dishonest trade practices  Earned notoriety as sea pirates  Goa which remained with the Portuguese had lost its importance as a port after the fall of the Vijayanagara empire  Marathas invaded Goa-1683  Rise of dutuch and English commercial ambitions.  Diversion to the west due to the discovery of Brazil.  Significance of the Portuguese  Marked the emergence of naval power  Portuguese ships carried cannon  An important military contribution made by the Portuguese onshore was the system of drilling groups of infantry, on the Spanish model, introduced in the 1630  Masters of improved techniques at sea 1. The Dutch-1596  Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman to reach Sumatra and Bantam in 1596.  Dutch Settlements  The Dutch founded their first factory in Masulipatnam (in Andhra) in 1605  Captured Nagapatam near Madras (Chennai) from the Portuguese and made it their main stronghold in South India.  The Dutch established factories on the Coromandel coast, in Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal and Bihar.  In 1609, they opened a factory in Pulicat, north of Madras. Their other principal factories in India were at Surat (1616), Bimlipatam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Baranagar, Kasimbazar (near Murshidabad), Balasore, Patna, Nagapatam(1658) and Cochin (1663).  They carried indigo manufactured in the Yamuna valley and Central India, textiles and silk from Bengal, Gujarat and the Coromandel, saltpetre from Bihar and opium and rice from the Ganga valley.  Anglo-Dutch Rivalry  Serious challenge to the commercial interests of the Dutch by the English.  The climax of the enmity between the Dutch and the English in the East was reached at Amboyna (a place in present-day Indonesia, which the Dutch had captured from the Portuguese in 1605) where they massacred ten Englishmen and nine Japanese in 1623. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 8 of 156  1667- Dutch retired from India and moved to Indonesia.  They monopolised the trade in black pepper and spices. The most important Indian commodities the Dutch traded in were silk, cotton, indigo,rice and opium.  Decline of the Dutch in India  The Dutch got drawn into the trade of the Malay Archipelago  Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-74)  The retaliation by the English resulted in the defeat of the Dutch, in the battle of Hooghly (November 1759)  Their concerns were trade.  Commercial interest lay in the Spice Islands of Indonesia  Battle of bidara-1759 the English defeated Dutch. 2. The English-1599  Charter of Queen Elizabeth I  Francis Drake’s voyage around the world in 1580 and theEnglish victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588  In 1599 ‘Merchant Adventurers’ formed a company  On December 31, 1600, Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter with rights of exclusive trading to the company named the ‘Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies’. Progress of the English Company  Foothold in West and South  In 1611, the English had started trading at Masulipatnam on the south-eastern coast of India and later established a factory there in 1616.  Establish a factory at Surat under Thomas Aldworth-1613  In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe came as an accredited ambassador of James I to the court of Jahangir.  Secure permission to set up factories at Agra,Ahmedabad and Broach.  Bombay had been gifted to King Charles II by the King of Portugal as dowry when Charles married the Portuguese princess Catherine in 1662. Bombay was given over to the East India Company on an annual payment of ten pounds only in 1668.  Bombay was made the headquarters by shifting the seat of the Western Presidency from Surat to Bombay in 1687.  Golden Farman’ issued by the Sultan of Golconda in 1632. On a payment of 500 pagodas a year, they earned the privilege of trading freely in the ports of Golconda.  The British merchant Francis Day, in 1639 received from the ruler of Chandragiri permission to build a fortified factory at Madras which later became the Fort St. George and replaced Masulipatnam as the headquarters of the English settlements in south India.  English extended their trading activities to the east and started factories at Hariharpur in the Mahanadi delta and at Balasore (in Odisha) in 1633.  Foothold in Bengal  Shah Shuja, the subahdar of Bengal in 1651, allowed the English to trade in Bengal in return for an annual payment of Rs 3,000.  Factories in Bengal were started at Hooghly (1651) and other places like Kasimbazar, Patna and Rajmahal.  William Hedges, the first agent and governor of the Company in Bengal  Shayista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal in August 1682  The English retaliated by capturing the imperial forts at Thana (modern Garden Reach), raiding Hijli in east Midnapur and storming the Mughal fortifications at Balasore.  English factory was established on February 10, 1691, the day an imperial farman was issued permitting the English to “continue contentedly their trade in Bengal” on payment of Rs 3000 a year in lieu of all dues. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 9 of 156  In 1698, the English succeeded in getting the permission to buy the zamindari of the three villages of Sutanuti, Gobindapur and Kalikata (Kalighat) on payment of Rs 1,200.  The fortified settlement was named Fort William in the year 1700 when it also became the seat of the eastern presidency (Calcutta) with Sir Charles Eyre as its first president.  Farrukhsiyar’s Farmans-  Farrukhsiyar secured three famous farmans (magna carta), in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad-1715  Company’s Exports and imports are exempted for custom duties except annual payment of 3000 rupees in Bengal.  Issues of dastaks for transportation.  East India Company was exempted from the levy of all duties in surat on annual payment of 10000.  The coins of the Company minted at Bombay were to have currency throughout the Mughal empire  Sir William Norris as its ambassador to the court of Aurangzeb (January 1701-April 1702)  Under pressure from the Crown and the Parliament, the two companies were amalgamated in 1708 under the title of ‘United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies’. 3. The French-1667  Foundation of French Centres in India-  Louis XIV, the king’s famous minister Colbert laid the foundation of the Compagnie des Indes Orientales (French East India Company) in 1664The Compagnie des Indes Orientales was granted a 50-year monopoly.  In 1667, Francois Caron headed an expedition to India, setting up a factory in Surat. Mercara, a Persian who accompanied Caron,  Founded another French factory in Masulipatnam in 1669  In 1673 established a township at Chandernagore near Calcutta.  Pondicherry—Nerve Centre of French Power in India  In 1673, Sher Khan Lodi, the governor of Valikondapuram (under the Bijapur Sultan)  Francois Martin, the director of the Masulipatnam factory.  Pondicherry was founded in 1674. And Caron became the French governor.  Mahe, Karaikal, Balasore and Qasim Bazar were a few important trading centres of the French East India Company.  Early Setbacks to the French East India Company-  The Dutch captured Pondicherry in 1693  Treaty of Ryswick concluded in September 1697 restored Pondicherry to the French, the Dutch garrison held on to it for two more years.  Francois Martin died on December 31, 1706.  In 1720, the French company was reorganised as the ‘Perpetual Company of the Indies’.  The Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy: the Carnatic Wars  Background of Rivalry  It began with the outbreak of the Austrian War of Succession and ended with the conclusion of the Seven Years War.  First Carnatic War (1740-48)  Carnatic-Coromandel coast and its hinterland  Extension of the Anglo-French War caused by the Austrian War of Succession.  France retaliated by seizing Madras in 1746, Thus began the first Carnatic War.  Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle was signed bringing the Austrian War of Succession to a conclusion.- Madras was handed back to the English, and the French, got their territories in North America.  The First Carnatic War is remembered for the Battle of St. Thome (in Madras) on the banks of the River Adyar fought between the French forces and the forces of Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic, to whom the English appealed for help. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 10 of 156  Second Carnatic War (1749-54)  The background for the Second Carnatic War was provided by rivalry in India.  The opportunity was provided by the death of Nizam-ul-Mulk, the founder of the independent kingdom of Hyderabad, in 1748, and the release of Chanda Sahib, the son-in-law of Dost Ali, the Nawab of Carnatic, by the Marathas.  The French supported the claims of Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib in the Deccan and Carnatic, respectively, while the English sided with Nasir Jang and Anwar-ud-din.  The combined armies of Muzaffar Jang, Chanda Sahib and the French defeated and killed Anwarud- din at the Battle of Ambur (near Vellore) in 1749.  Muzaffar Jang became the subahdar of Deccan, and Dupleix was appointed governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna.  In August 1751, with only a force of 210 men Robert Clive attacked and captured Arcot.  Third Carnatic War (1758-63)  In 1758, the French army under Count de Lally captured the English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram in 1758.  Battle of Wandiwash The decisive battle of the Third Carnatic War was won by the English on January 22, 1760 at Wandiwash (or Vandavasi) in Tamil Nadu.  Treaty of Peace of Paris (1763) restored to the French their factories in India  Dutch had already been defeated in the Battle of Bidara in 1759.  The victory at Wandiwash left the English East India Company with no European rival in India.  Causes for the English Success and the French Failure  The English company was a private enterprise—With less governmental control over it, The French company, on the other hand, was a State concern. It was controlled and regulated by the French government.  The English navy was superior to the French navy  The English held three important places, namely, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras whereas the French had only Pondicherry.  The French subordinated their commercial interest to territorial ambition, which made the French company short of funds.  The superiority of the commanders in the British camp 4. The Danes-1620  Founded a factory at Tranquebar near Tanjore, on the eastern coast of India. Their principal settlement was at Serampore near Calcutta. Why the English Succeeded against Other European Powers ?  Structure and Nature of the Trading Companies English East India Company was controlled by a board of directors whose members were elected annually.  Naval Superiority The Royal Navy of Britain was not only the largest; it was most advanced of its times.The victory against the Spanish Armada and against the French at Trafalgar had put the Royal Navy at the peak of the European naval forces.  Industrial Revolution  The industrial revolution reached other European nations late and this helped England to maintain its hegemony.  Military Skill and Discipline British soldiers were a disciplined lot and well trained.  Stable Government  Lesser Zeal for Religion  Use of Debt Market The world’s first central bank—the Bank of England—was established to sell government debt to the money markets on the promise of a decent return on Britain’s defeating rival countries www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 11 of 156 CHAPTER-4 INDIA ON THE EVE OF BRITISH CONQUEST  The reign of Aurangzeb (1658-1707) proved to signify the beginning of the end of Mughal rule in India.  Muhammad Shah ruled for a long spell of 29 years (1719-48) 1. Challenges before the Mughals I.External Challenges  The northwestern borders had been neglected by the later Mughals  Nadir Shah, the Persian emperor, attacked India in 1738-39, conquered Lahore and defeated the Mughal army at Karnal on February 13, 1739.  Apart from the Peacock Throne and the Kohinoor diamond, seventy crore rupees were collected  Ahmad Shah Abdali successor of Nadir Shah, In 1757, Abdali captured Delhi  In 1758, Najib-ud-Daula(Mir Bakhshi of the empire and ‘supreme agent’ of Abdali) was expelled from Delhi by the Maratha chief, Raghunath Rao, who also captured Punjab.  In 1761, Abdali defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat. I. Weak Rulers after Aurangzeb—An Internal Challenge Bahadur Shah I (1709–March 1712)  Aurangzeb, became the emperor, taking the title Bahadur Shah.  Khafi Khan gave the title of Shah-i-Bekhabar to Bahadur Shah.  Adopted a pacific policy with the Marathas, the Rajputs and the Jats.  Bahadur Shah I died in February 1712. Jahandar Shah (March 1712-February 1713)  He introduced izara system to improve the financial condition of the empire. Jahandar Shah abolished Jaziya. Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)  He followed a policy of religious tolerance by abolishing Jaziya and pilgrimage tax.  In 1717-gave farmans to british.  In 1719, the Sayyid brothers, with the help of Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath, dethroned Farrukhsiyar, he was blinded and killed.(1st ever in Mughal history that emperor was killed by nobles) Rafi-ud-Darajat (February 28 to June 4, 1719) Rafi-ud-Daula (June 6 to September 17, 1719)  Sayyid brothers gave the title Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah (1719-48)  Raushan Akhtar – given title Muhammad shah and Rangeela  In 1724, Nizam-ul-Mulk became the wazir and founded the independent state of Hyderabad.  In 1739, Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Karnal Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)  Udham Bai, the ‘Queen Mother’. Udham Bai, given the title of Qibla-i-Alam, Alamgir II (1754-1758)  Ahmed Shah Abdali, the Iranian invader, reached Delhi in January 1757. During his reign, the Battle of Plassey was fought in June 1757. Shahjehan III (1758-1759) Shah Alam II (1759-1806)  His reign saw two decisive battles—the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) and the Battle of Buxar (1764). www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 12 of 156  Treaty of Allahabad (August 1765), he was taken under the East India Company’s protection and resided at Allahabad. He also issued a farman granting to the Company in perpetuity the Diwani (the right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Akbar II (1806-37)  He gave the title of Raja to Rammohan Rai. In 1835, the coins bearing the names of Mughal emperors were stopped. Bahadur Shah II (1837-1857)  Bahadur Shah Zafar-the last Mughal emperor.  Captured by the English and sent to Rangoon where he died in 1862.  Mughal Empire came to an end on November 1, 1858 with the declaration of Queen Victoria Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire  Empire-related or Mughal-centric view sees the causes of the decline within the structure and functioning of the empire itself.  region related view finds the causes of Mughal decline in the turmoil and instability in the different parts of the empire.  emperors who came after Aurangzeb proved to be incapable, weak and licentious monarchs who hastened the process of disintegration of the empire and, finally, its collapse.  Major factors which contributed to the downfall :-  Shifting Allegiance of Zamindars  The zamindars were hereditary owners of their lands who enjoyed certain privileges on hereditary basis, and were variously known as rais, rajas, thakurs, khuts or deshmukhs.  They helped in the collection of revenue and in local administration and increased during Aurangzeb’s reign.  Jagirdari Crisis  Mughal rule has often been defined as “the rule of the nobility”  Divisiveness among the nobility on the basis of religion,homeland and tribe.  Mutual rivalry,jealousy and contest for power among the various groups during the rule of the later Mughals (in the absence of a strong central leadership) contributed to the decline of the empire.  Rise of Regional Aspirations  The Rajput struggle against the empire and the growing ambition and power of the Marathas, thus, adversely affected the Mughal.  Economic and Administrative Problems  The expenditure of the state much exceeded its income.  Rise of Regional States  Successor States-The Mughal provinces that turned into states after breaking away from the empire. Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad.  Independent Kingdoms-These states came into existence primarily due to the destabilisation of the Mughal control over the provinces,.Mysore, Kerala and the Rajput states.  The New States These were the states set up by the rebels against the Mughal empire.Maratha, the Sikh and the Jat states.  Survey of Regional Kingdoms  Hyderabad- o The founder of the Asaf-Jah house of Hyderabad was Kilich Khan, popularly known as Nizam-ul-Mulk. o The idea of an independent state in the Deccan- Zulfikar Khan. o He killed Mubariz Khan in the Battle of Shakr-Kheda (1724). full-fledged viceroy of the Deccan. o In 1725, he became the viceroy and conferred on himself the title of Asaf-Jah. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 13 of 156  Awadh o The founder of the independent principality of Awadh was Saadat Khan, popularly known as Burhan-ul- Mulk. o He was succeeded by Safdar Jang as the Nawab of Awadh  Bengal o Murshid Kuli Khan was the founder of the independent state of Bengal. o Succeeded in 1727 by his son Shujaud- din. His successor, Sarfaraz Khan, was killed in 1740 by Alivardi Khan, the deputy governor of Bihar at Gheria. The Rajputs  Mysore  This territory located at the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats was ruled by the Wodeyars.  Mysore state was brought under the rule of Haider Ali  Kerala  Martanda Varma established an independent state of Kerala with Travancore as his capital. He extended the boundaries of his state from Kanyakumari to Cochin.  The Jats  Churaman and Badan Singh succeeded in setting up the Jat state of Bharatpur. But it was under Suraj Mal that Jat power reached its zenith.  State included territories from Ganga in the east to Chambal in the south and included the Subahs of Agra, Mathura, Meerut and Aligarh.  The Jat state suffered a decline after the death of Suraj Mal in 1763.  The Sikhs  Guru Gobind Singh transformed the Sikhs into a militant sect in defence of their religion and liberties.  Banda Bahadur, later assumed the leadership of the Sikhs in 1708.  12 misls or confederacies which exercised control over different parts of the kingdom.  The credit for establishing a strong kingdom of Punjab goes to Ranjit Singh. He was the son of Mahan Singh, the leader of the Sukarchakiya misl. Ranjit Singh brought under control the area extending from the Sutlej to the Jhelum. He conquered Lahore in 1799 and Amritsar in 1802.  The Treaty of Amritsar with the British, Ranjit Singh acknowledged the British right over the cis- Sutlej territories.  The Tripartite Treaty in 1838 with Shah Shuja and the English Company whereby he agreed to provide passage to the British troops through Punjab with a view to placing Shah Shuja on the throne of Kabul.  Ranjit Singh died in 1839  The Marathas.  Under the capable leadership of the Peshwas, the Marathas uprooted the Mughal authority from Malwa and Gujarat and established their rule.  Their authority was challenged by Ahmed Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 14 of 156  Rohilakhand and Farukhabad  The states of Rohilakhand and the kingdom of the Bangash Pathans were a fall out of the Afghan migration into India.  Ali Muhammad Khan set the petty kingdom, Rohilakhand.  This wasthe area of the Himalayan foothills between Kumaon in the north and the Ganga in the south.  Mohammad Khan Bangash, an Afghan, set up an independent kingdom to the east of Delhi in the area around Farrukhabad  Nature and Limitations of Regional States  The polity that emerged in these states was regional in character, and functional with the collaborative support of the different local groups like the zamindars, merchants, local nobles and chieftains.  The provincial rulers failed to develop a system based on sound financial, administrative and military organisation.  The jagirdari crisis intensified as income from agriculture declined, and the number of contenders for a share of the surplus multiplied. Socio-Economic Conditions  Agriculture-Though agriculture was technically backward, it was worked by the hard labour of peasants.  Trade and Industry-India was known as a sink of precious metals.  Items of Import From the Persian Gulf Region— pearls, raw silk, wool, dates, dried fruits, and rose water; from Arabia—coffee, gold, drugs, and honey; from China— tea, sugar, porcelain, and silk; from Tibet—gold, musk, and woollen cloth; from Africa—ivory and drugs; from Europe— woollen cloth, copper, iron, lead and paper. Items of Export Cotton textiles, raw silk and silk fabrics, hardware, indigo, saltpetre, opium, rice, wheat, sugapepper and other spices, precious stones, and drugs.  Important Centres of Textile Industry Dacca, Murshidabad, Patna, Surat, Ahmedabad, Broach, Chanderi, Burhanpur, Jaunpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Agra, Multan, Lahore, Masulipatnam, Aurangabad, Chicacole, Vishakhapatnam, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Madurai, etc.; Kashmir was a centre of woollen manufactures.  Ship-building Industry Maharashtra, the Andhra region and Bengal were the leaders in ship-building. Indian shipping also flourished on the Kerala coast at Calicut and Quilon.The Zamorin of Calicut used the Muslim Kunjali Maraikkars  Status of Education  The Hindu and Muslim elementary schools were called pathshalas and maktabs respectively. The education was confined to reading, writing, and arithmetic.  Chatuspathis or Tols, as they were called in Bihar and Bengal, were the centres of higher education. Some of the famous centres for Sanskrit education were Kasi (Varanasi), Tirhut (Mithila), Nadia and Utkala. Madrasahs were the institutions of higher learning for Persian and Arabic. Azimabad (Patna) was a famous centre for Persian education. Societal Set-up  Many Castes, Many Sects  The family system was primarily patriarchal and caste was the central feature of the social life of the Hindus.  The sharif Muslims consisting of nobles, scholars, priests and army affairs often looked down upon the ajlaf Muslims or the lower class Muslims.  Position of Women in Society  Upper class women remained at home, lower class women worked in fields and outside their homes supplementing the family income.  purdah, sati, child marriage, polygamy did exist which hindered the progress of women. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 15 of 156  Menace of slavery  Higher classes of Rajputs, Khatris and Kayasthas kept women slave for domestic work. Development in Art, Architecture and Culture  At Lucknow, Asaf-ud-Daula built the bada Imambara in 1784.  Sawai Jai Singh built the pink city of Jaipur and five astronomical observatives at Delhi, Jaipur, Benares, Mathura and Ujjain. He also prepared a set of time-tables called Jij Muhammad-shahi, to help the people in the study of astronomy.  In the south, in Kerala, the Padmanabhapuram Palace, famous for its architecture and mural paintings.  Kanchan Nambiar was a noted Malayalam poet.  The Tamil language was enriched by sittar poetry. Tayumanavar (1706-44), one of the best exponents of sittar poetry, protested against the abuses of temple-rule and the caste system.  Heer Ranjha, the romantic epic in Punjabi literature, was composed by Warris Shah. In Sindhi literature, Shah Abdul Latif composed Risalo, a collection of poems. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 16 of 156 Chapter-5 Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India 1. The British Imperial History  The ‘first empire’ stretching across the Atlantic towards America and the West Indies, and the ‘second empire’ beginning around 1783 (Peace of Paris) and swinging towards the East—Asia and Africa.  The imperial history of Britain started with the conquest of Ireland in the sixteenth century. 2. Was the British Conquest Accidental or Intentional?  John Seeley leads the group which says that the British conquest of India was made blindly, unintentionally and accidentally, and in a “fit of absent-mindedness”.  School of opinion argues that the British came to trade in India and had no desire to acquire territories or to squander their profits on war waged for territorial expansion.  The English, it is argued, were unwillingly drawn into the political turmoil created by the Indians themselves, and were almost forced to acquire territories.  The other group says that the British came to India with the clear intention of establishing a large and powerful empire,  A desire for quick profits, personal ambitions of individuals, plain avarice and effects of political developments in Europe were some of the factors.  B.L. Grover writes: “Lord Wellesley resorted to aggressive application of the subsidiary alliance system to extend British dominion in India as a defensive counter measure against the imperialistic designs of France and Russia. 3. When did the British Period Begin in India?  Some historians regard the year 1740, when the Anglo-French struggle for supremacy in India began in the wake of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe, as the beginning of the British period.  Some see the year 1757, when the British defeated the Nawab of Bengal at Plassey, as the designated date.  Others regard 1761, the year of the Third Battle of Panipat when the Marathas were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali, as the beginning of this phase of Indian history. 4. Causes of British Success in India  Superior Arms, Military and Strategy  The firearms used by the English, which included muskets and cannons, were better than the Indian arms both in speed of firing and in range.  Better Military Discipline and Regular Salary  A regular system of payment of salaries and a strict regime of discipline were the means by which the English Company ensured that the officers and the troops were loyal.  Civil Discipline and Fair Selection System  The Company officers and troops were given charge on the basis of their reliability and skill and not on hereditary or caste and clan ties.  Brilliant Leadership and Support of Second Line Leaders  Clive, Warren Hastings, Elphinstone, Munro, Marquess of Dalhousie, etc., displayed rare qualities of leadership. The English also had the advantage of a long list of secondary leaders like Sir Eyre Coote, Lord Lake and Arthur Wellesley who fought not for the leader but for the cause and the glory of their country.  Strong Financial Backup www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 17 of 156  The income of the Company was adequate enough to pay its shareholders handsome dividends as also to finance the English wars in India.  Nationalist Pride  The lack of materialistic vision among Indians was also a reason for the success of the English Company. 5. British Conquest of Bengal  Bengal on the Eve of British Conquest  Bengal, the richest province of the Mughal Empire included present day Bangladesh, and its Nawab had authority over the region constituting present day states of Bihar and Odisha.  Exports from Bengal to Europe consisted of raw products such as saltpetre, rice, indigo, pepper, sugar, silk, cotton textiles, handicrafts, etc.  The Company paid a sum of Rs 3,000 (£ 350) per annum to the Mughal emperor who allowed them to trade freely in Bengal. In contrast, the Company’s exports from Bengal were worth more than £ 50,000 per annum. The region of Bengal was fortunate enough to escape these challenges.  The population of Calcutta rose from 15,000 (in 1706) to 100,000 (in 1750) and other cities like Dacca and Murshidabad became highly populous.  Between 1757 and 1765, the power gradually got transferred from the Nawabs of Bengal to the British  Alivardi Khan and the English  In 1741, Alivardi Khan, the Deputy Governor of Bihar, killed the Nawab of Bengal Sarfaraz Khan in a battle and certified his own position as the new Subahdar of Bengal.  He died in April 1756 and was succeeded by hisgrandson, Siraj-ud-daula.  Challenges Before Siraj-ud-daula  Internal rivals were added the threat to Siraj’s position from the ever-growing commercial activity of the English company.  The Battle of Plassey  Black Hole Tragedy’. Siraj-ud-daula is believed to have imprisoned 146 English persons who were lodged in a very tiny room due to which 123 of them died of suffocation.  The Battle-The arrival of a strong force under the command of Robert Clive forged a secret alliance with the traitors of the nawab—Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh, Jagat Seth (an influential banker of Bengal) and Omichand.  Under the deal, Mir Jafar was to be made the nawab who in turn would reward the Company for its services. So the English victory in the Battle of Plassey (June 23, 1757) was decided before the battle was even fought.  Siraj-ud-daula was captured and murdered by the order of Mir Jafar’s son, Miran. Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal. He gave large sums of money plus the zamindari of 24 parganas to the English.  The Battle of Plassey had political significance for it laid the foundation of the British empire in India; it has been rightly regarded as the starting point of British rule in India.  The battle established the military supremacy of the English in Bengal.  Mir Kasim and the Treaty of 1760-  Mir Kasim, the son-in-law of MirJafar, and the Company was signed in 1760.  Important features of the treaty were as follows: i. Mir Kasim agreed to cede to the Company the districts of Burdwan, Midnapur and Chittagong. ii. The Company would get half of the share in chunam trade of Sylhet. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 18 of 156 iii. Mir Kasim agreed to pay off the outstanding dues to the Company. iv. Mir Kasim promised to pay a sum of rupees five lakh towards financing the Company’s war efforts in southern India. v. It was agreed that Mir Kasim’s enemies were theCompany’s enemies, and his friends, the Company’s friends. vi. It was agreed that tenants of the nawab’s territory would not be allowed to settle in the lands of the Company, and vice-versa.  A pension of Rs 1,500 per annum was fixed for Mir Jafar. Mir Kasim shifted the capital from Murshidabad to Munger in Bihar. The move was taken to allow a safe distance from the Company at Calcutta.  His other important steps were reorganising the bureaucracy.  The Battle of Buxar  By an imperial farman, the English company had obtained the right to trade in Bengal without paying transit dues or tolls.  The combined armies of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II were defeated by the English forces under Major Hector Munro at Buxar on October 22, 1764 in aclosely contested battle.  The victory made the English a great power in northern India and contenders for the supremacy over the whole country.  After the battle, Mir Jafar, who was made Nawab in 1763 agreed to hand over the districts of Midnapore, Burdwan and Chittagong to the English for the maintenance of their army.  The Treaty of Allahabad  Robert Clive concluded two important treaties at Allahabad in August 1765—one with the Nawab of Awadh and the other with the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II.  Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula agreed to: i. surrender Allahabad and Kara to Emperor Shah Alam II; ii. pay Rs 50 lakh to the Company as war indemnity and iii. give Balwant Singh, Zamindar of Banaras, fullpossession of his estate.  Shah Alam II agreed to: i. reside at Allahabad, to be ceded to him by the Nawab of Awadh, under the Company’s protection; ii. issue a farman granting the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company in lieu of an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh; and iii. a provision of Rs 53 lakh to the Company in return for nizamat functions (military defence, police, and administration of justice) of the said provinces.  Dual Government in Bengal (1765-72)  Robert Clive introduced the dual system of government, i.e., the rule of the two—the Company and the Nawab—in Bengal in which both the diwani, i.e., collecting revenues, and nizamat, i.e., police and judicial functions, came under the control of the Company.  The Company exercised diwani rights as the diwan and the nizamat rights through its right to nominate the deputy subahdar. The Company acquired the diwani functions from the emperor and nizamat functions from the subahdar of Bengal.  The dual system led to an administrative breakdown and proved disastrous for the people of Bengal. 6. Mysore’s Resistance to the Company-  The Wodeyar / Mysore Dynasty-  The battle of Talikota (1565) gave a deadly blow to the great kingdom of Vijayanagara.  In 1612 a Hindu kingdom under the Wodeyars emerged in the region of Mysore. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 19 of 156  Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar II ruled from 1734 to 1766.  Mysore emerged as a formidable power under the leadership of Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan.  Rise of Haidar Ali-  Haidar Ali became the de facto ruler of Mysore in 1761. He realized that the French- trained Nizami army could be silenced only by an effective artillery.  Haidar Ali took the help of the French to set up an arms factory at Dindigul (now in Tamil Nadu), and also introduced Western methods of training for his army.  With his superior military skill he captured Dod Ballapur, Sera, Bednur and Hoskote in 1761- 63, and brought to submission the troublesome Poligars of South India (in what is now Tamil Nadu).  Recovering from their defeat at Panipat, the Marathas under Madhavrao attacked Mysore, and defeated Haidar Ali in 1764, 1766, and 1771. And recovered all the territories during 1774-76.  First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)  The Nizam, the Marathas, and the English allied together against Haidar Ali.  English conclude a treaty with Haidar on April 4, 1769—Treaty of Madras.  The treaty provided for the exchange of prisoners and mutual restitution of conquests.  Haidar Ali was promised the help of the English in case he was attacked by any other power.  Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)  Haidar considered the English attempt to capture Mahe a direct challenge to his authority.  Haidar forged an anti-English alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam.  He followed it up by an attack in the Carnatic, capturing Arcot, and defeating the English army under Colonel Baillie in 1781.  Haidar faced the English boldly only to suffer a defeat at Porto Novo in November 1781.  Fed up with an inconclusive war, both sides opted for peace, negotiating the Treaty of Mangalore (March, 1784) under which each party gave back the territories it had taken from the other.  Haidar Ali died of cancer on December 7, 1782.  Third Anglo-Mysore War  In April 1790, Tipu declared war against Travancore for the restoration of his rights. In 1790, Tipu defeated the English under General Meadows.  In 1791, Cornwallis took the leadership and at the head of a large army marched through Ambur and Vellore to Bangalore (capturedin March 1791) and from there to Seringapatam.  Treaty of Seringapatam- Under this treaty of 1792, nearly half of the Mysorean territory was taken over by the victors. Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the English, while the Marathas got the regions surrounding the Tungabhadra and its tributaries and the Nizam acquired the areas from the Krishna to beyond the Pennar. Besides, a war damage of three crore rupees was also taken from Tipu.  Fourth Anglo-Mysore War  In 1798, Lord Wellesley succeeded Sir John Shore as the new Governor General.  The war began on April 17, 1799 and ended on May 4, 1799 with the fall of Seringapatam.  Tipu was defeated first by English General Stuart and then by General Harris. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 20 of 156  The English were again helped by the Marathas and the Nizam. The Marathas had been promised half of the territory of Tipu and the Nizam had already signed the Subsidiary Alliance.  Mysore After Tipu  Wellesley offered Soonda and Harponelly districts of Mysore Kingdom to the Marathas, which the latter refused.  The Nizam was given the districts of Gooty and Gurramkonda.  The English took possession of Kanara, Wynad, Coimbatore, Dwaraporam and Seringapatam.  The new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under a minor ruler Krishnaraja III, who accepted the subsidiary alliance.  In 1831 William Bentinck took control of Mysore on grounds of misgovernance.  In 1881 Lord Ripon restored the kingdom to its ruler. 7. Anglo-Maratha Struggle for Supremacy  Rise of the Marathas  Bajirao I (1720-40), considered greatest of all the Peshwas, had started a confederacy of rapidly expanding Maratha power, and to some extent appease the kshatriya section of the Marathas (Peshwas were brahmins) led by the senapati Dabodi.  The Maratha families which emerged prominent were—(i) the Gaekwad of Baroda, (ii) the Bhonsle of Nagpur, (iii) the Holkars of Indore, (iv) the Sindhias of Gwalior, and (v) the Peshwa of Poona.  The defeat at Panipat and later the death of the young Peshwa, Madhavrao I, in 1772, weakened the control of the Peshwas over the confederacy.  Entry of the English into Maratha Politics  The English in Bombay wanted to establish a government on the lines of the arrangement made by Clive in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.  First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82)-  After the death of Madhavrao in 1772, his brother Narayanrao succeeded him as the fifth peshwa.  Treaties of Surat and Purandhar Raghunathrao, unwilling to give up his position in power, sought help from the English at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat in 1775.  Under the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the English along with a portion of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the English were to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers.  The British Calcutta Council, condemned the Treaty of Surat (1775) and sent Colonel Upton to Pune to annul it and make a new treaty (Treaty of Purandhar, 1776) with the regency renouncing Raghunath and promising him a pension. The Bombay government rejected this and gave refuge to Raghunath.  In 1777, Nana Phadnavis violated his treaty with the Calcutta Council by granting the French a port on the west coast.  Mahadji lured the English army into the ghats (mountain passes) near Talegaon and trapped the English from all sides and attacked the English supply base at Khopali. The Marathas also utilised a scorched earth policy, burning farmland and poisoning wells.  As The English surrendered by mid-January 1779 and signed the Treaty of Wadgaon that forced the Bombay government to relinquish all territories acquired by the English since 1775. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 21 of 156  Treaty of Salbai (1782): End of the First Phase of the Struggle Warren Hastings, the Governor-General in Bengal, rejected the Treaty of Wadgaon and under Colonel Goddard who captured Ahmedabad in February 1779, and Bassein in December 1780.  Another Bengal detachment led by Captain Popham captured Gwalior in August 1780. In February 1781 the English, under General Camac, finally defeated Sindhia at Sipri.  Sindhia proposed a new treaty between the Peshwa and the English, and the Treaty of Salbai was signed in May 1782; it was ratified by Hastings in June 1782 and by Phadnavis in February 1783.  The treaty guaranteed peace between thetwo sides for twenty years.  The main provisions of the Treaty of Salbai were: i. Salsette should continue in the possession of the English. ii. The whole of the territory conquered since the Treaty of Purandhar (1776) including Bassein should be restored to the Marathas. iii. In Gujarat, Fateh Singh Gaekwad should remain in possession of the territory which he had before the war and should serve the Peshwa as before. iv. The English should not offer any further support to Raghunathrao and the Peshwa should grant him a maintenance allowance. v. Haidar Ali should return all the territory taken from the English and the Nawab of Arcot. vi. The English should enjoy the privileges at trade as before. vii. The Peshwa should not support any other European nation. viii. The Peshwa and the English should undertake that their several allies should remain at peace with one another. ix. Mahadji Sindhia should be the mutual guarantor for the proper observance of the terms of the treaty.  Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805)  The death of Nana Phadnavis in 1800 gave the British an added advantage.  On October 25, 1802, Jaswant defeated the armies of the Peshwa and Sindhia decisively at Hadaspar near Poona and placed Vinayakrao, son of Amritrao, on the Peshwa’s seat.  A terrified Bajirao II fled to Bassein on December 31, 1802,  Treaty of Bassein (1802) Under the treaty, the Peshwa agreed: i. to receive from the Company a native infantry (consisting of not less than 6,000 troops), with the usual proportion of field artillery and European artillery men attached, to be permanently stationed in his territories; ii. to cede to the Company territories yielding an income of Rs 26 lakh; iii. to surrender the city of Surat; iv. to give up all claims for chauth on the Nizam’s dominions; v. to accept the Company’s arbitration in all differences between him and the Nizam or the Gaekwad; vi. not to keep in his employment Europeans of any nation at war with the English; and vii. to subject his relations with other states to the control of the English. viii. (i) Defeat of Bhonsle (December 17, 1803, Treaty of Devgaon); (ii) Defeat of Sindhia (December 30, 1803, Treaty of Surajianjangaon); and (iii) Defeat of Holkar (1806, Treaty of Rajpurghat).  Treaty was signed by a Peshwa who lacked political authority, but the gains made by the English were immense. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 22 of 156  The treaty “gave the English the key to India,”  Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19)  By the Charter Act of 1813, the East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China (except tea) ended  Bajirao II made a last bid in 1817 by rallying together the Maratha chiefs against the English in course of the Third Anglo-Maratha War.  The Peshwa attacked the British Residency at Poona. Appa Sahib of Nagpur attacked the residency at Nagpur.  The Peshwa was defeated at Khirki, Bhonsle at Sitabuldi, and Holkar at Mahidpur.  Important treaties were signed. These were: i. June 1817, Treaty of Poona, with Peshwa. ii. November 1817, Treaty of Gwalior, with Sindhia. iii. January 1818, Treaty of Mandasor, with Holkar. In June 1818,  The Peshwa finally surrendered and the Maratha confederacy was dissolved. The peshwaship was abolished. Peshwa Bajirao became a British retainer at Bithur near Kanpur.  Pratap Singh made ruler of Satara, formed out of the Peshwa’s dominions.  Why the Marathas Lost  Inept Leadership-the later Maratha leaders Bajirao II, Daulatrao Sindhia and Jaswantrao Holkar were worthless and selfish leaders.  Defective Nature of Maratha State- The cohesion of the people of the Maratha state was not organic but artificial and accidental, and hence precarious.  Loose Political Set-up-The lack of a cooperative spirit among the Maratha chiefs proved detrimental to the Maratha state.  Inferior Military System Though full of personal prowess and valour, the Marathas were inferior to the English in organisation of the forces, in war weapons, in disciplined action and in effective leadership.  Unstable Economic Policy The Maratha leadership failed to evolve a stable economic policy  Superior English Diplomacy and Espionage The English had better diplomatic skill to win allies and isolate the enemy.  Progressive English Outlook The English were rejuvenated by the forces of Renaissance The English attacked a ‘divided house’ which started crumbling after a few pushes. 8. Conquest of Sindh-  Rise of Talpuras Amirs-  Prior to the rule of Talpuras Amirs, Sindh was ruled by the Kallora chiefs.  In 1758, an English factory was built at Thatta, owing to a parwana given by the Kallora prince, Ghulam Shah. In 1761, Ghulam Shah, on the arrival of an English resident in his court, not only ratified the earlier treaty, but also excluded other Europeans from trading there.  This advantage was enjoyed by the English upto 1775  In the 1770s, a Baluch tribe called Talpuras, descended from the hills and settled in the plains of Sindh.  In 1783, the Talpuras, under the leadership of Mir Fath (Fatah) Ali Khan, established complete hold over Sindh  They conquered Amarkot from the Raja of Jodhpur, Karachi from the chief of Luz, Shaikarpur and Bukkar from the Afghans.  Gradual Ascendancy over Sindh- www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 23 of 156  Under the influence of Tipu Sultan and the jealousy of the local traders, aided by the anti-British party at Hyderabad (Sindh), the amir in October 1800, ordered the British agent to quit Sindh within ten days.  Treaty of ‘Eternal Friendship’- i. Metcalfe was sent to Lahore, Elphinstone to Kabul and Malcolm to Teheran. ii. After professing eternal friendship, both sides agreed to exclude the French from Sindh and to exchange agents at each other’s court. iii. The treaty was renewed in 1820 with the addition of an article excluding the Americans andresolving some border disputes on the side of Kachch after the final defeat of the Maratha confederacy in 1818.  Treaty of 1832-In 1832, William Bentinck sent Colonel Pottinger to Sindh to sign a treaty with the Amirs. The provisions of the treaty were as follows: i. Free passage through Sindh would be allowed to the English traders and travellers and the use of Indus for trading purposes; however, no warships would ply, nor any materials for war would be carried. ii. No English merchant would settle down in Sindh, and passports would be needed for travellers. iii. Tariff rates could be altered by the Amirs if found high and no military dues or tolls would be demanded. iv. The Amirs would work with the Raja of Jodhpur to put down the robbers of Kachch. v. The old treaties were confirmed and the parties would not be jealous of each other.  Lord Auckland and Sindh-Lord Auckland, who became the Governor-General in 1836,  Tripartite Treaty of 1838- the Company persuaded Ranjit Singh to sign a tripartite treaty in June 1838 agreeing to British mediation in his disputes with the Amirs, and then made Emperor Shah Shuja give up his sovereign rights on Sindh, provided the arrears of tribute were paid.  Sindh Accepts Subsidiary Alliance (1839)- B.L. Grover writes: “Under threat of superior force, the Amirs accepted a treaty in February 1839 by which a British subsidiary force had to be stationed at Shikarpur and Bukkar and the Amirsof Sindh were to pay Rs 3 lakh annually for the maintenance of the Company’s troops”.  Capitulation of Sindh -The first Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42), fought on the soil of Sindh.The whole of Sindh capitulated within a short time, and the Amirs were made captives and banished from Sindh. In 1843, under Governor-General Ellenborough, Sindh was merged into the British Empire and Charles Napier was appointed its first governor.  Criticisms of the Conquest of Sindh-  In the instance of the First Afghan War, the English suffered terribly at the hands of the Afghans with a corresponding loss of prestige.  To compensate for this, they annexed Sindh which prompted Elphinstone to comment: “Coming from Afghanistan it put one in mind of a bully who has been knocked in the street and went home to beat his wife in revenge.” 9. Conquest of Punjab  Consolidation of Punjab under the Sikhs-  In 1715, Banda Bahadur was defeated by Farrukhsiyar and put to death in 1716. Thus the Shikh polity, once again, became leaderless and later got divided into two groups— Bandai (liberal) and Tat Khalsa (Orthodox). www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 24 of 156  In 1784 Kapur Singh Faizullapuria organised the Sikhs under Dal Khalsa, with the objective of uniting followers of Sikhism, politically, culturally and economically.  The whole body of the Khalsa was formed into two sections— Budha Dal, the army of the veterans, and Taruna Dal, the army of the young. The Sikhs consolidated in mislsMisl is an Arabic word which means equal or alike. Another meaning of Misl is State.  Sukarchakiya Misl and Ranjit Singh  At the time of the birth of Ranjit Singh (November 2, 1780), there were 12 important misls—Ahluwaliya, Bhangi, Dallewalia, Faizullapuria, Kanhaiya, Krorasinghia, Nakkai, Nishaniya, Phulakiya, Ramgarhiya Sukharchakiya, and Shaheed.  The central administration of a misl was based on Gurumatta Sangh  In 1799, Ranjit Singh was appointed as the governor of Lahore by Zaman Shah, the ruler of Afghanistan.  In 1805, Ranjit Singh acquired Jammu and Amritsar and thus the political capital (Lahore) and religious capital (Amritsar) of Punjab came under the rule of Ranjit Singh.  Ranjit Singh and the English-  The Napoleonic danger receded and the English became more assertive, Ranjit Singh agreed to sign the Treaty of Amritsar (April 25, 1809) with the Company.  Treaty of Amritsar-  It checked one of the most cherished ambitions of Ranjit Singh to extend his rule over the entire Sikh nation by accepting the river Sutlej as the boundary line for his dominions and the Company’s.  Now he directed his energies towards the west and captured Multan (1818), Kashmir (1819) and Peshawar (1834). In June 1838, Ranjit Singh was compelled by political compulsions to sign the Tripartite Treaty with the English  Punjab After Ranjit Singh  Beginning of Court Factions-Discontent was growing among the troops as a result of irregularity of payment. The appointment of unworthy officers led to indiscipline. These marches resulted in commotion and economic dislocation in Punjab.  Rani Jindal and Daleep Singh-Daleep Singh, a minor son of Ranjit Singh,was proclaimed the Maharaja with Rani Jindan as regent and Hira Singh Dogra as wazir.  First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)  The causes were as follows: (i) the anarchy in the Lahore kingdom following the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh resulting in a power struggle for domination between the court at Lahore and the ever powerful and increasingly local army; (ii) suspicions amongst the Sikh army arising from English military campaigns to achieve the annexation of Gwalior and Sindh in 1841 and the campaign in Afghanistan in 1842; and (iii) the increase in the number of English troops being stationed near the border with the Lahore kingdom.  The war began in December 1845 with 20,000 to 30,000 troops in the British side, while the Sikhs had about 50,000 men.  Treachery of Lal Singh and Teja Singh caused five successive defeats to the Sikhs at Mudki (December 18, 1845), Ferozeshah (December 21-22, 1845), Buddelwal, Aliwal (January 28, 1846), and at Sobraon (February 10, 1846). Lahore fell to the British forces on February 20, 1846 without a fight. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 25 of 156  Treaty of Lahore (March 8, 1846) The end of the first Anglo-Sikh War forced the Sikhs to sign a humiliating treaty on March 8, 1846. The main features of the Treaty of Lahore were as follows: i. War indemnity of more than 1 crore of rupees was to be given to the English. ii. The Jalandhar Doab (between the Beas and the Sutlej) was annexed to the Company’s dominions. iii. A British resident was to be established at Lahore under Henry Lawrence. iv. The strength of the Sikh army was reduced. v. Daleep Singh was recognised as the ruler under Rani Jindan as regent and Lal Singh as wazir. vi. Since, the Sikhs were not able to pay the entire war indemnity, Kashmir including Jammu was sold to Gulab Singh and he was required to pay Rupees 75 lakh to the Company as the price. vii. The transfer of Kashmir to Gulab Singh was formalised by a separate treaty on March 16, 1846.  Treaty of Bhairowal -The Sikhs were not satisfied with the Treaty of Lahore over the issue of Kashmir, so they rebelled. In December, 1846, the Treaty of Bhairowal was signed. According to the provisions of this treaty, Rani Jindan was removed as regent and a council of regency for Punjab was set up. The council consisted of 8 Sikh sardars presided over by the English Resident, Henry Lawrence.  Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)-  Sher Singh was sent to suppress the revolt, but he himself joined Mulraj, leading to a mass uprising in Multan. This could be considered as the immediate cause of the war.  Three important battles were fought before the final annexation of Punjab. These three battles were: (i) Battle of Ramnagar, led by Sir Hugh Gough, the commander-in-chief of the Company. (ii) Battle of Chillhanwala, January, 1849. (iii) Battle of Gujarat, February 21, 1849; the Sikh army surrendered at Rawalpindi, and their Afghan allies were chased out of India.  At the end of the war came: i. surrender of the Sikh army and Sher Singh in 1849; ii. annexation of Punjab; and for his services the Earl of Dalhousie was given the thanks of the British Parliament and a promotion in the peerage, as Marquess; iii. setting up of a three-member board to govern Punjab, comprising of the Lawrence brothers (Henry and John) and Charles Mansel.  In 1853 John Lawrence became the first chief commissioner.  Significance of the Anglo-Sikh Wars-The Anglo-Sikh wars gave the two sides a mutual respect for each other’s fighting prowess. 10. Extension of British Paramountcy Through Administrative Policy-  The process of imperial expansion and consolidation of British paramountcy was carried on by the Company during the 1757-1857 period through a two-fold method: (a) policy of annexation by conquest or war; and (b) policy of annexation by diplomacy and administrative mechanisms.  The Policy of Ring-Fence-  Warren Hastings followed a policy of ring-fence which aimed at creating buffer zones to defend the Company’s frontiers.  This policy of Warren Hastings was reflected in his war against the Marathas and Mysore. www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 26 of 156  The states brought under the ring-fence system were assured of military assistance against external aggression—but at their own expense.  Wellesley’s policy of subsidiary alliance was, in fact, an extension of the ring-fence system which sought to reduce the Indian states into a position of dependence on the British government.  Subsidiary Alliance-  The subsidiary alliance system was used by Lord Wellesley, who was governor-general from 1798-1805  Under the system, the allying Indian state’s ruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance.  The Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a British resident in his court. Under the system, the Indian ruler could not employ any European in his service without the prior approval of the British.  Nor could he negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the governor- general. In return for all this, the British would defend the ruler from his enemies and adopt a policy of noninterference in the internal matters of the allied state.  Evolution and Perfection-It was probably Dupleix, who first gave on hire (so to say) European troops to Indian rulers to fight their wars.  The first Indian state to fall into this protection trap (which anticipated the subsidiary alliance system) was Awadh which in 1765 signed a treaty under which the Company pledged to defend the frontiers of Awadh  It was in 1787 that the Company insisted that the subsidiary state should not have foreign relations. This was included in the treaty with the Nawab of Carnatic which Cornwallis signed in February 1787.  Stages of Application of Subsidiary Alliance- i. The first stage, the Company offered to help a friendly Indian state with its troops to fight any war the state might be engaged in. ii. The second stage consisted of making a common cause with the Indian state now made friendly and taking the field with its own soldiers and those of the state. iii. The third stage when the Indian ally was asked not for men but for money. The Company promised that it would recruit, train, and maintain a fixed number of soldiers under British officers, and that the contingent would be available to the ruler for his personal and family’s protection as also for keeping out aggressors, all for a fixed sum of money. iv. In the fourth or the last stage, the money or the protection feewas fixed, usually at a high level; when the state failed to pay the money in time, it was asked to cede certain parts of its territories to the Company in lieu of payment.  States which Accepted Alliance-The Indian princes who accepted the subsidiary system were: the Nizam of Hyderabad (September 1798 and 1800), the ruler of Mysore (1799), the ruler of Tanjore (October 1799), the Nawab of Awadh (November 1801), the Peshwa (December 1801), the Bhonsle Raja of Berar (December 1803), the Sindhia (February 1804), the Rajput states of Jodhpur, Jaipur, Macheri, Bundi and the ruler of Bharatpur (1818). The Holkars were the last Maratha confederation to accept the Subsidiary Alliance in 1818.  Doctrine of Lapse www.AroraIAS.com Telegram: Downloaded https://t.me/Aroraias by Prabhat Singh ([email protected]) Maid id [email protected]  lOMoARcPSD|16665113 Page 27 of 156  In simple terms, the doctrine stated that the adopted son could be the heir to his foster father’s private property, but not the state; it was for the paramount power (the British) to decide whether to bestow the state on the adopted son or to annex it.  Though this policy is attributed to Lord Dalhousie (1848-56), he was not its originator.  Seven states were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse:-Satara (1848), Jhansi and Nagpur (1854). The other small states included Jaitpur (Bundelkhand), Sambhalpur (Orissa), and Baghat (Madhya Pradesh).  Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856 11.Relations of British India with Neighbouring Countries  Anglo-Bhutanese Relations-  In 1865, the Bhutanese were forced to surrender the passes in return for an annual subsidy.  It was the surrendered district which became a productive area with tea gardens.  Anglo-Nepalese Relations-  In 1801, the English annexed Gorakhpur which brought the Gorkhas’ boundary and the Company’s boundary together.  The conflict started due to the Gorkhas’ capture of Butwal and Sheoraj in the period of Lord Hastings (1813-23).  The war, ended in the Treaty of Sagauli,1816 which was in favour of the British.As per the treaty, i. Nepal accepted a British resident. ii. Nepal ceded the districts of Garhwal and Kumaon, and abandoned claims to Terai. iii. Nepal also withdrew from Sikkim.  This agreement brought many advantages to the British— i. the British empire now reached the Himalayas; ii. it got better facilities for trade with Central Asia; iii. it acquired sites for hill stations, such as Shimla, Mussoorie and Nainital; and iv. the Gorkhas joined the B