Special Senses and Integument System Notes PDF - College of Animal Welfare
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The College of Animal Welfare
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These notes from The College of Animal Welfare cover the special senses and the integument system. The document includes learning outcomes, diagrams, and questions about topics like the structure and function of the skin, hair, glands, and the different parts of the eye and the ear. The notes are relevant for veterinary science students.
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14/01/2025 Special Senses and Integument System VN03 3d. 3e Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 1 1...
14/01/2025 Special Senses and Integument System VN03 3d. 3e Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 1 1 Do you want to speak to somebody about a safeguarding issue? If so, please email [email protected] or contact Claire Defries Kim James any of the Safeguarding Officers North London centre Huntingdon, Leeds & Wigan centres [email protected] [email protected] shown below, they do not have to be 01480 422060 01480 422060 based at the centre you are located at in order to assist you. Safeguarding contact number: 01480 422070 Barbara Cooper Huntingdon, Leeds & Wigan centres [email protected] 01480 422060 Mel Young Deborah Gould Huntingdon centre Huntingdon centre [email protected] [email protected] 01480 422060 01480 422060 2 2 Learning Outcomes 3d - Describe the structure, function and location of the integument Skin – epidermis (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale), dermis Hair Glands: sebaceous, sweat (apocrine, eccrine) and specialised Footpads Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 3 3 1 14/01/2025 Structure Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum Hypodermis Epidermis Dermis granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 4 4 Dermis Layer where the following are found: Blood vessels Nerves Sweat glands and ducts Sebaceous glands Hair follicles Arrector pili muscles Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 5 5 Hair Develop from epidermal cells Can be single (simple follicles) or grouped (compound follicles) 1. Primary hairs (outer coat) 2. Secondary hairs (undercoat) 3. Sinus hairs (whiskers – slow-acting mechanoreceptors) 4. Tylotrich hairs (thick single hairs – fast-acting mechanoreceptors) Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 6 6 2 14/01/2025 What is the difference between a Sebaceous gland and a Sudoriferous gland? Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 7 7 Specialised Glands Complete the specialised glands table Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 8 8 Footpads Thickened epidermis covering a fatty vascular structure called the digital cushion Dogs and cats have seven footpads on forepaws and five on hind paws Three types of footpad: 1. Digital 2. Metacarpal/metatarsal 3. Carpal Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 9 9 3 14/01/2025 Learning Outcomes 3d - Describe the structure, function and location of the integument Skin – epidermis (stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale), dermis Hair Glands: sebaceous, sweat (apocrine, eccrine) and specialised Footpads Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 10 10 Learning Outcomes 3e - Describe the structure, function and location of the sensory systems Eye – sclera; cornea; uvea (choroid, ciliary body, lens, iris); retina (pigmented cells, receptor cells - rods and cones, ganglion cells); eyelids; optic nerve; aqueous and vitreous humour; Harderian glands; tear production; meibomian glands; third eyelid Image formation on the retina Position of the eyes in predators and prey species Ear: inner; middle (auditory ossicles – hammer, incus, stapes); outer; structure and function; differences in small mammals to dogs and cats Touch receptors: pain; heat and cold; pressure; touch Taste buds: location; function; process of taste (overview) Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 11 11 Recap - eye The anatomy of the eye was covered online on your kickstart course, what can you remember? Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 12 12 4 14/01/2025 Functions of the eye structures Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 13 13 What are the specialised cells called that are found in the retina? Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 14 14 The Retina and Photoreceptor cells The retina contains specialised cells and is connected to the brain via the optic nerve. There are two types of photoreceptor cells: 1) Rods Sensitive to light but not colour (provide us with night vision) 2) Cones Sensitive to colour (provide us with colour vision) Information is passed from the photoreceptor cells onto the ganglion cells these leave the eye via the optic disc (the blind spot). The information then Dogs and cats have travels up the optic nerve for processing. 95% rods and only 5% cones. Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 15 15 5 14/01/2025 Can dogs and cats see in colour? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xIQimfoG6k Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 16 16 Image formation Considered as a four step process 1. Light from and object passes through the cornea, pupil and lens to be focussed onto the retina 1b. Some of this light is reflected back onto the tapetum lucidum which allows for more photoreceptor cells to be stimulated (especially in low light) 2. Photoreceptors generate nerve impulses that travel from the optic nerve to the brain 3. Information is received on both hemispheres of the brain from both eyes 4. Information is interpreted as an image Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 17 17 Field of Vision – Prey or Predator? Predator Prey Eyes at front of head Eyes at side of head Predominately binocular vision – great Predominately monocular vision – poor clarity, poor field of vision clarity, great field of vision Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 18 18 6 14/01/2025 How the eye works https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GflMkCZUS6o Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 19 19 Summary questions Which structure in the eye helps change the shape of the pupil? a. Cornea b. Lens c. Suspensory ligaments d. Iris Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 20 20 What is the name of the fluid that fills the posterior chamber of the eye? a. Aqueous humor b. Vitreous humor Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 21 21 7 14/01/2025 What is the outer surface of the front of the eye called? a. Sclera b. Nictitating membrane c. Cornea d. Conjunctiva Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 22 22 Learning Outcomes 3e - Describe the structure, function and location of the sensory systems Eye – sclera; cornea; uvea (choroid, ciliary body, lens, iris); retina (pigmented cells, receptor cells - rods and cones, ganglion cells); eyelids; optic nerve; aqueous and vitreous humour; Harderian glands; tear production; meibomian glands; third eyelid Image formation on the retina Position of the eyes in predators and prey species Ear: inner; middle (auditory ossicles – hammer, incus, stapes); outer; structure and function; differences in small mammals to dogs and cats Touch receptors: pain; heat and cold; pressure; touch Taste buds: location; function; process of taste (overview) Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 23 23 Recap - ear Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 24 24 8 14/01/2025 Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 25 25 Balance The Vestibular System - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3aYqxGesqs&t=12s The eyes have an important link with the semi-circular canals; when the head moves, the fluid in the semi- circular canals moves sending a message to the eyes/head to adjust their position. Simply put, when the fluid moves up and down it lets your brain know which direction you are facing. Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 26 26 Species Variation What differences do small mammals have compared to dogs and cats? Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 27 27 9 14/01/2025 Summary questions Which structure adjusts its shape to allow sound to travel into the ear a. Pinna b. Stapes c. Auditory nerve d. Tympanic membrane Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 28 28 What order does sound pass through the ear ossicles? a. Incus Malleus Stapes b. Stapes Incus Malleus c. Maleus Stapes Incus d. Maleus Incus Stapes Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 29 29 Where does the eustachian tube connect to? a. Oropharynx b. Nasopharynx c. Laryngopharynx Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 30 30 10 14/01/2025 Learning Outcomes 3e - Describe the structure, function and location of the sensory systems Eye – sclera; cornea; uvea (choroid, ciliary body, lens, iris); retina (pigmented cells, receptor cells - rods and cones, ganglion cells); eyelids; optic nerve; aqueous and vitreous humour; Harderian glands; tear production; meibomian glands; third eyelid Image formation on the retina Position of the eyes in predators and prey species Ear: inner; middle (auditory ossicles – hammer, incus, stapes); outer; structure and function; differences in small mammals to dogs and cats Touch receptors: pain; heat and cold; pressure; touch Taste buds: location; function; process of taste (overview) Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 31 31 Touch Receptors What are mechanoreceptors? Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 32 32 Touch Receptors Touch reception (also know as tangoreception) is the perception by a patient when in contact with an object. The touch receptors relay messages to the CNS including: Temperature Pressure There are two main types of receptors: what are these? Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 33 33 11 14/01/2025 Touch Receptors Tactile hairs Hair like projections richly supplied with nerves and serving to indicate to the animal that it is in contact with some object. Such hairs may be specially modified (e.g., vibrissae, or whiskers) in certain areas of the body, such as the face or toes, to provide more sensitive discrimination among stimuli. These hairs are connected to muscle tissue for voluntary control Some animals, such as cats, use these hairs for measuring location. Rabbits use them to help locate food https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdqBbvYX3MU Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 34 34 Touch Receptors Subcutaneous receptors Research the following receptors and provide a brief description of their function Pain receptors Bulbous corpuscle endings Lamellar corpuscles Meniscoid corpuscles Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 35 35 Learning Outcomes 3e - Describe the structure, function and location of the sensory systems Eye – sclera; cornea; uvea (choroid, ciliary body, lens, iris); retina (pigmented cells, receptor cells - rods and cones, ganglion cells); eyelids; optic nerve; aqueous and vitreous humour; Harderian glands; tear production; meibomian glands; third eyelid Image formation on the retina Position of the eyes in predators and prey species Ear: inner; middle (auditory ossicles – hammer, incus, stapes); outer; structure and function; differences in small mammals to dogs and cats Touch receptors: pain; heat and cold; pressure; touch Taste buds: location; function; process of taste (overview) Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 36 36 12 14/01/2025 Taste Taste buds are located on the papillae of the tongue, the soft palate and epiglottis Gustatory cells are found within these and are the chemoreceptors for taste Chemicals for gustation (taste) are dissolved in saliva and stimulate the taste buds to send a sensory signal through to the brain. Can you think of any species variation in smell? Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 37 37 Learning Outcomes 3e - Describe the structure, function and location of the sensory systems Eye – sclera; cornea; uvea (choroid, ciliary body, lens, iris); retina (pigmented cells, receptor cells - rods and cones, ganglion cells); eyelids; optic nerve; aqueous and vitreous humour; Harderian glands; tear production; meibomian glands; third eyelid Image formation on the retina Position of the eyes in predators and prey species Ear: inner; middle (auditory ossicles – hammer, incus, stapes); outer; structure and function; differences in small mammals to dogs and cats Touch receptors: pain; heat and cold; pressure; touch Taste buds: location; function; process of taste (overview) Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 38 38 BigBlueButton Your feedback matters Our resources undergo regular quality review however should you come across any errors or discrepancies, we encourage you to report them promptly so they can be addressed. Please email [email protected] with the subject line "Error Report" , include a detailed description of the discrepancy, specify the resource, and provide any relevant details you think might be helpful. Your feedback is important and we thank you for your valuable Jess Parkes input. Student Engagement Officer 39 39 13 14/01/2025 Copyright © The College of Animal Welfare, DD/YYYY - Initial/Syllabus 40 40 14