Motor Control Unit 1 PDF

# Unit 1: Motor Control Motor Control: ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement * it is the field of study directed at studying the nature of movement and how movement is controlled KEY ELEMENTS OF MOTOR CONTROL: * the INDIVIDUAL generates movement * to meet demands of...

# Unit 1: Motor Control Motor Control: ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement * it is the field of study directed at studying the nature of movement and how movement is controlled KEY ELEMENTS OF MOTOR CONTROL: * the INDIVIDUAL generates movement * to meet demands of a specific TASK * being performed within a specific ENVIRONMENT # Individual * MOTOR/ACTION SYSTEM * Neuromotor and Biomechanical system * muscles and joints must be controlled in coordinated ways * SENSORY/PERCEPTUAL SYSTEM * peripheral sensory and higher level processing * sensory component: information regarding the state of the body & environment * vestibular, kinesthetic, proprioception, auditory, visual, tactile * perceptual component: interpretation of sensory input * COGNITIVE SYSTEM * attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, & emotion * establishes intent or goals STAGES OF INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE CNS FOR MOVEMENT PRODUCTION The image is a diagram, it's separated into three sections: stimulus, response selection, and response programming. * STIMULUS * STIMULUS IDENTIFICATION STAGE * sensing, planning, and memory contact stage * information regarding state ofthe body, movement, and the environment * memory attached based on past experiences * RESPONSE SELECTION STAGE * interpreting, planning, deciding stage * the plan for purposefulmovement is developed: * Motor plan (general idea/planfor movement is made up ofstored motor programs * RESPONSE PROGRAMMING * translating, structuring, initiating stage * Neural centers translate the idea for movement into muscular actions defined by a MOTOR PROGRAM; "an abstract representation that, when initiated, results in a coordinated movement sequence" * Motor programs free up the nervous system from conscious decisions * utilize MUSCLE SYNERGIES (functional linked muscles) to simplify control * parametric specification is based on constraints of the individual, task, and environment * RESPONSE EXECUTION: MOVEMENT OUTPUT!! * FEEDFORWARD CONTROL: sending of signals in advance of movement to ready the system for incoming sensory signals * FEEDBACK CONTROL: response-produced sensory information received during or after the the movement and used to monitor movement output for corrective actions * TASK CONSTRAINTS: * mobility * postural control * upper extremity function # Task * DISCRETE vs CONTINUOUS * discrete: recognizable beginning and end (reaching, sit to stand) * multiple discrete: gymnastics routine * continuous: performer decides end (walkling, skipping, jumping jacks) * OPEN vs CLOSED * open: unpredictable; must adapt movement strategy * closed: fixed or predictable environment * STABILITY vs MOBILITY * stability: non-moving base of support (BOS) - sitting, standing * mobility: BOS is moving (walking, running, jumping) * MANIPULATION vs NON-MANIPULATION * manipulation: involved UE function * non-manipulation: does not require UE function # Environment ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS * REGULATORY FEATURES: shapes movement (ex: cup size, height of step/chair, surface of ground) * NON-REGULATORY FEATURES: may affect/influence movement but does not shape/conform (ex:background noise, distractions) # Theories of Motor Control | Theory | Description | | :--------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1\. REFLEX THEORY | early theory based on the thought that reflexes were the building blocks of complex movements,and that movement was the result of combined actions of individual reflexes that were chained together (reflex chaining) | | 2\. HIERARCHICAL THEORY | builds on the reflex theory with the realization that reflexes are modified to adapt to the task through CNS commands | | 3\. MOTOR PROGRAMMING THEORY | based on the assumption we have patterned motor responses - we have hardwired neural connections that allow us to have stereotypical movement | | 4\. SYSTEMS THEORY | integrates many previous theories and reflects our current interpretation of nervous system function | | ECOLOGICAL THEORY | | * DUAL TASK * motor skills with a secondary task (primarily cognitive or motor) * ex: walking and talking * SIMPLE TASK * simple motor program * ex: kicking a ball one time * COMPLEX * involve multiple actions * ex: kicking a ball while running