SOK Physiology for Nursing (2025) PDF

SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Index No Title Pages 1 Introduction 1-5 2...

SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Index No Title Pages 1 Introduction 1-5 2 Blood 6-24 3 Autonomic Nervous System 24-43 4 Cardiovascular System 44-62 5 Respiratory System 63-85 6 Endocrine System 85-94 7 Female Reproductive System 95-100 8 Male Reproductive System 100-102 9 Digestive System 102-110 0 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Introduction to Physiology Figure-1: Definition of Physiology. ▪ Disease is the deviation from the normal. Figure-2: Normal body structure. ▪ The cell is the basic structural unit of the body. 1 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ Systems of the Body: 1. Cardiovascular system. 2. Digestive system. 3. Endocrine system. 4. Integumentary system. 5. Lymphatic system. 6. Muscular system. 7. Nervous system. 8. Reproductive system. 9. Respiratory system. 10. Skeletal system. 11. Urinary system. Figure-3: Body systems. 2  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Body Fluids Figure-4: Normal body composition (in adult male). 3  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Table-1: Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) composition. ISF, interstitial fluid. ▪ Osmolarity is the number of particles of solute (dissolved substance) per liter of solution. Homeostasis Figure-5: Glucose homeostasis (as an example of homeostasis). 4  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ All organs & systems of the body perform functions that help to keep homeostasis. Regulation of Body Function Figure-6: Control of body functions. 5 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Blood Physiology Figure-7: Blood composition. 6  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Plasma Figure-8: Difference between plasma & serum. Table-2: Difference between plasma & serum. 7  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Table-3: Types of plasma proteins. ▪ Albumin deficiency: ✓ May be caused by liver disease (decreases albumin synthesis) or kidney disease (increases albumin loss in urine). ✓ This will lead to edema & ascites. 8  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-9: Hypoproteinemia. 9  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs, Erythrocytes) ▪ RBCs structure: ✓ RBCs are surrounded by a plastic semipermeable membrane. ✓ They are biconcave shape which provides large surface area to help gas exchange & enhances cell flexibility. ✓ They are non-nucleated structure. ✓ Contents of RBCs: 1. Water: 60%. 2. Hemoglobin (Hb): 34 %. 3. Enzymes e.g., carbonic anhydrase. 4. Electrolytes e.g., K+, Mg2+. Figure-10: RBCs structure. 10  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-11: Hemoglobin structure. Figure-12: Fate of RBCs. 11  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ Causes of hypoxia (decrease of O2 supply to tissues): 1. Physiological causes: decreased O2 tension as in high altitudes & increased O2 demand as in athletes. 2. Pathological causes: hemorrhage (loss of RBCs), heart failure & lung diseases. ▪ Erythropoietin: ✓ Glycoprotein hormone. ✓ Secreted from liver (15%) & kidney (85%). ✓ Increased by hypoxia, cobalt, androgens, prostaglandins & sympathetic stimulation. ✓ Function: it helps development of stem cells into mature RBCs (stem cells have specific receptors for erythropoietin). Figure-13: Effect of hypoxia on RBCs formation. 12 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-14: Vitamin B12 absorption. 13  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 White Blood Cells (WBCs, Leucocytes) Figure-15: Types of WBCs. 14  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 (A) ▪ Functions of leucocytes (WBCs): ✓ Defense against infection by: 1. Chemotaxis: bacterial toxins released at the site of infection lead to attraction of leucocytes from near capillary to migrate towards the inflamed area. 2. Diapedesis: WBCs squeeze themselves through the pores of the healthy capillaries to outside. 3. Amoeboid movement: WBCs are motile cells & move by ameboid motion. (B) 4. Phagocytosis: WBCs engulf foreign materials (as bacteria) & destroy them. 5. Antibodies production & distribution (B-lymphocytes). Figure-16: Functions of WBCs. Table-4: Disturbances in WBCs. 15  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Platelets (Thrombocytes) & Hemostasis Figure-17: Platelet plug formation. 16  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-18: Purpura. Figure-19: Bleeding time. ▪ Bleeding time: use filter paper to wipe the blood every 30 seconds after pin pricking until bleeding stops i.e., it is time from pin pricking till stoppage of bleeding without clotting. 17  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ Blood clotting (blood coagulation): ✓ Definition: blood clot is a fibrin network entangling blood cells. ✓ Mechanism: 1. Intrinsic mechanism: depends on blood component only (4-8 minutes). 2. Extrinsic mechanism: needs tissue factor derived from tissues outside blood component (20-40 sec). Figure-20: Blood clot. Table-5: Clotting factors & anticoagulants. 18  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-21: Clotting mechanism. ▪ Hemophilia: ✓ Characters: 1. Hemorrhagic recessive sex-linked disease. 2. Carried by female & affects male. 3. Causes severe bleeding after trauma. ✓ Types: 1. Hemophilia A: due to ↓ factor VIII. 2. Hemophilia B: due to ↓ factor IX. 3. Hemophilia C: due to ↓ factor XI. ✓ Clotting time (normally 4-8 minutes): Figure-22: Hemophilia. is prolonged in hemophilia. 19 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Blood Groups Table-6: Blood groups according to ABO system. 20  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-23: Pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis. Blood Transfusion 21  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ NB: 2, 3-DPG = 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate. 22  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ Compatible & incompatible blood transfusion: ✓ Recipient’s plasma should not contain agglutinin against the donor’s red cells. ✓ Group O is a universal donor as RBCs of this group contain no antigens. ✓ Group AB is a universal recipient as the plasma of this group does not contain anti-A or anti-B. Figure-24: Compatible & incompatible blood transfusion. 23  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Autonomic Nervous System ▪ Introduction to autonomic nervous system: 24  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-25: Parts of the nervous system. 25  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-26: Structure of the neuron. ▪ Types of efferent (motor) neurons: 1. Motor somatic (voluntary) to skeletal muscles. 2. Motor autonomic (involuntary) to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles or glands. Figure-27: Types of neurons according to their function. 26  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-28: Reflex arc components. 27  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Figure-29: Cut section of spinal cord. 28  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-30: Somatic and autonomic efferent fibers. Figure-31: Autonomic nervous system is a double efferent neuron system. Figure-32: Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems. 29 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Functions of Sympathetic Nervous System Figure-33: Sympathetic divisions. Figure-34: Sympathetic supply to the eye. 30  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-35: Cervical division of sympathetic nervous system. Figure-36: Horner’s syndrome. 31  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-37: Effects of sympathetic supply to heart & lungs. ▪ Splanchnic Division (Sympathetic Supply to Abdominal & Pelvic Viscera): 32  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-38: Sympathetic supply to the abdomen. 33  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ Effect of sympathetic stimulation on sex organs: 1. In male: a. Ejaculation: as it is mainly excitatory to the smooth muscles of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles & prostate causing their contraction. b. Shrinking of penis due to VC of external genital blood vessels. 2. In female: a. Non-pregnant: it is mainly inhibitory on uterus & fallopian tubes. b. Late in pregnancy: it is excitatory to the uterus. c. VC of external genital blood vessels. Figure-39: Male genital organs. Figure-40: Function of sympathetic pelvic division. 34  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 ▪ Somatic division of sympathetic nervous system: Figure-41: Function of sympathetic somatic division. 35 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Parasympathetic Nervous System Figure-42: Sacral part of parasympathetic nervous system. 36 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-43: Contraction of constrictor pupillae muscle causes narrowing of pupil (miosis). Figure-44: Contraction of ciliary muscle causes near vision accommodation. 37 SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-45: Functions of parasympathetic nervous system function. III= Oculomotor nerve. VII= Facial nerve. IX= Glossopharyngeal nerve. X= Vagus nerve. 38  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Table-7: Comparison of sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems. Chemical Transmitters 1-Catecholamines: 39  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-46: Release of catecholamines at adrenergic nerve ending & adrenal medulla. Figure-47: Release of catecholamines. 40  SOK Physiology for Nursing Dr Khaled A Abulfadle 2025 Figure-48: Actions of catecholamines. 2-Acetylcholine: 41