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SOCSC 03: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD DANNAH FRITZ Q. TABIEZA BS ECON-2B CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?  is the increasing the interaction of people, states or countries through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and cultu...

SOCSC 03: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD DANNAH FRITZ Q. TABIEZA BS ECON-2B CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?  is the increasing the interaction of people, states or countries through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture. Thus, globalization is primarily focused on economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects.  It is the interconnectedness of people and business across the world that eventually lead to global, cultural, political, and economic integration.  it is the ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the world in order to conduct business internationally.  It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless and integrated manner.  It is the liberalization of countries of their impact protocols and welcome foreign investment into sectors that are the mainstays of its economy.  It refers to countries acting like magnets attracting global capital by opening up their economies to multinational corporations. GLOBALIZATION AS DEFINED BY AUTHORS  Globalization as process by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society. - Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King  Globalization as intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occuring many  miles a way and vice versa.-Anthony Giddens (The Consequence of Modernity)  Globalization as the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole. - Prof. Roland Robertson (Sociology), 1992, University of Aberdeen CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION There is social mobility of movement of people regardless of reason. There is an intensification of interactions It’s an active process Borderless interaction Spread of ideas, knowledge, technology, culture, religion, etc. HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF THE TERM GLOBALIZATION  Before the Age of Discovery  Age of Discovery  1820s  1900s  20th Century 1897 Charles Taze russel (Watch tower bible and tract society) coined the term CORPORATE GIANTS, referring to alarge national trust and other largeenterprises of the time. 1830 The word Globalize as a noun appeared in a publication entitled `Towards New Education´ where it denotyed a holistic view of human experience in education Late 1970s Globalization was coined. Early 1981 Globalization was used as an economic sense. Late 1980s Globalization was popularized by Theodore Levitt. Late 2000s The IMF identified four basic aspect of globalization. 2013 The globalization was used to define borderless society. 2017 Globalization was often used in the Academe. 2018 Globalization was now used in all disciplines. INDICATORS OF GLOBALIZATION Interdependence of countries in different social aspects. Advancement of science, technology, and etc. Environmental issues across borders Economic globalization, cultural globalization, and political globalization NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION  A conglomorate of various multiple units located in different parts of the globe which are linked by common ownership  Multiple units draw a common pool of resources such as money, credit, information, patents, trade names and control system.  The units respond to some common strategy. Product presence in different markets of the world. Human resources are highly diverse. Transactions involving intellectual properties such as copyrights, patents,  trademarks, and process technologies are across the globe. REASONS OF GLOBALIZATION  Rapid shrinking of time and distance across the globe. One can easily cross the bridge going to the other side of the market place due to advance tools technology than before  Domestic markets are no longer rich as aconsequence of many interlocking factors.  Companies and institutions go global to find political and economic stability which is relatively good in other countries that the country of origin.  To get technological and managerial know how of the countries due to their advancement in science, technology, education, health, and other fields of discipline.  To reduce high transportation costs if one goes globally using the advance tools of communication and information.  To be close to raw materials and to markets for their finished products which are not available in the country of origin.  The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) had made it possible in stimulating increased cross border trade. There are other world bodies like the UN and several arbitration bodies where countries agree. FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION  may be defined as the intercontinental exchange of products, services, and labor.  FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION  leads to the deepening and expansion of global finance.  Four basic developments that drive financial globalization: a) Consolidation of financial institutions in most countries. Before, local banks were largely locally owned and operated, but the number of independent financial institutions is declining as mergers and acquisitions result in larger financial institutions (BDO is merging of Equitable, PCI and Banco de Oro) b) Globalization of operations is where banking conglomerates extend their reach by forming strategic alliances with similar institutions in different countries c) Emergence of New technologies such as online banking where telecommunications aid operation to expand into foreign markets even without having branches (Pera padala of pawnshops) d) Universalization of banking had contributed to the blurring of bank and nonbank financial services. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION  is characterized by the acceptance of states, the relative power of states, and the spread of nonstate political and regional organizations composedof states, and the spread of nonstate political actors  most of the emphasis on political globalization is concentrated on the spread of multilateral institutions MILITARY GLOBALIZATION  This is characterized by several developments in modern history  a) The competition among European powers and territorial expansion that resulted in the colonization of Asia, Africa, and the Americas; b) The emergence of international alliances and international security regimes,such as the Concert of Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION  involves the exchange of food, people, products, ideas, and technology across national boundaries.  It affects the consciousness of individuals and their attitudes towards politics, religion, economics, and broader cultural values.  It also influences their sense of identity, belonging and nationalism. ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALIZATION  focuses on the interdependence among countries in relation to such problem as global warming, the spread of infectious diseases, air and waterpollution, deforestation and loss of biodiversity, and threats of endangered species.  It refers to the impact that environmental problems in one part of the world have on distant places.  Virtually, all forms of globalization have an impact on the environment. CRIMINAL GLOBALIZATION  It is the intercontinental spread of global crime and its impact on governments and individuals.  It includes transborder crimes suchas drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution, alien smuggling, arms trafficking and counterfeiting.  It poses severe challenges to national and global security  CHAPTER 2: THE WORLD BANK  is an International Financial Institution that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs  MISSION: Reduce poverty in the globe Improve the living standard FUNCTIONS BANK MISSION Provide assistance to developing countries Promote the economic development of the world’s poorest countries. Finances the poorest developing countries whose per capita GNP is less than $ 865 (PHP50, 894) a year special financial assistance through the International Development Association (IDA). TWO TYPES OF LOANS WORLD BANK CAN OFFER 1. INVESTMENT LOANS  an amount of money lent to finance a particular project:  Investment loans help entrepreneurs to develop their businesses. 2. DEVELOPMENT POLICY LOANS  provides rapidly disbursing financing to help a borrower address actual or anticipated development financing requirements.  DPL supports borrowers in achieving poverty reduction and climate-friendly sustainable and inclusive growth through a program of policy and institutional actions.  INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND  is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. FUNCTIONS OF IMF Works with governments around the world to modernize their economic policies and institutions, and train their people. This helps countries strengthen their economy, improve growth and create jobs. MISSIONS OF IMF Keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member countries Lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties Giving help to members IMF PROVIDES LOANS TO HELP MEMBERS BUILD 1. Stabilize their Currencies 2. Continue Paying for Imports 3. Restore conditions for strong economic growth GLOBAL ECONOMY  Aalso referred to as world economy  Refers to the international exchange of goods and services  it may also mean as the free movement of goods, capital, services, technology, and information. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION  it is concerned with globalization of production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions, corporations, and labor.  it is expanding since the emergence of transnational trade and increased exponentially due to the increase rate of communication and technology.  The creation of World Trade Organization made countries cut down trade barriers and open up their current accounts and capital accounts DIMENSIONS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION 1. Globalization of trade of goods and services. 2. Globalization of financial and capital markets. 3. Globalization of technology and communication. 4. Globalization of production. WORLD ECONOMY:CONVERGENCE VS. DIVERGENCE WALLERSTEIN, FRANK, AND O’ROURKE AND WILLIAMSON  introduced the concept of a fully integrated world economy which consequently established the roots of divergence and convergence. 1. IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN  Describes world economy as “the modern world system”  It is a world-system not because it encompasses the whole world but because it is larger than any juridically-defined political unit anda‘system’because it is largely self-contained and the dynamics of its development are largely internal.  He calls it a ‘world economy’ because the basic linkage between the parts of the systemis economic. MODERN WORLD SYSTEM  A theory that the world exists as a single socio-economic system made up of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery regions  a.CORE  the part of the system where free, often skilled labour produces goods with high added value in strong states  Technologically advance and industrialized capitalist nations/regions b.SEMI-PERIPHERY  that part of the system that is in between the core and the periphery on a series of dimensions.  Countries that act as the periphery to core countries and core to the periphery countries c. PERIPHERY  that part of the system where production is primarily of lower- ranking goods that have less added value but are essential for daily use in the core and that are produced predominantly by unfree, unskilled, less well remunerated labour.  Poor countries that primarily subsist by exporting primary products 2. ANDRE GUNDER FRANK  rejected the idea that there were separate “world- economies” like Europe, Asia,orthe Americas. He  argued that these regions were always interconnected through trade,capital flows, and power relations 3. KEVIN H. 0’ROURKE AND JEFFREY G. WILLIAMSON  focus on the economic interconnectedness of nations,particularly during the "Great Convergence"period.  They emphasize the role of trade andfactor mobility in shaping the global economy, leading to both growth and inequality.  "world system" is a dynamic network of interconnected economies, constantly evolving in response to various factors. COMMODITY EXCHANGE The Pre-Industrial Era (Before 1820) The Age of Mass Production and Globalization (1820- 1914) The Post-World WarII Era (1945-Present) INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM (IMS)  Refers to the rules, customs,instruments, facilities, and organizations affecting international payments.  The main task of IMS is to facilitate cross-border transaction especially trade and investment. 1. GOLD STANDARD  is a monetary system where a country's currency is directly linked to gold. This means that the value of the currency is fixed to a specific amount of gold,and the government agrees to convert paper money into gold at that fixed rate.  HOW THE GOLD STANDARD WORKS? Imagine a country sets the price of gold at $500 anounce. In this scenario, the value of the dollar would be  1/500th of an ounce of gold. This means that anyone could exchange their dollars for gold at this fixed rate.  HISTORY OF GOLD STANDARD The gold standard has a long history, dating back to ancient civilizations. It gained prominence in the 19th century, with England becoming the first country to officially adopt it in 1819. By the early 20th century, many developed nations had joined the gold standard, creating a system of fixed exchange rates between currencies  THE RISE AND FALL OF THE GOLD STANDARD The gold standard was seen as a way to stabilize prices and prevent inflation. However, it also had drawbacks, such as limiting a government's ability to manage the economy during recessions. The gold standard was abandoned by most countries during the Great Depression and World War II. The United States officially ended the gold standard in 1971, when President Nixon terminated the convertibility of the dollar to gold.  ADVANTAGES OF GOLD STANDARD a. PRICE STABILITY  The gold standard can help control inflation by limiting the amount of money in circulation. b. FIXED EXCHANGE RATES  The gold standard can provide stable exchange rates betweencountries, simplifying international trade.  DISADVANATGES OF GOLD STANDARD a. LIMITED FLEXIBILITY   The gold standard restricts a government's ability to use monetary policy to stimulate the economy during recessions b. DEPENDENCE ON GOLD SUPPLY  The economy is dependent on the availability of gold, which can fluctuate. c. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS  Gold mining can havesignificant environmental consequences. 2. BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM  The Bretton Woods systemwas a global monetary management system established in 1944 after World War II.  It was designed to create a more stable and predictable international financial system, replacing the chaotic system of floating exchange rates that had prevailed during the interwar period.  HOW BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM WORKS? a. THE US DOLLAR AS THE KING  The US dollar was chosen as the most valuable currency, and everyone else had to exchange their money for US dollars to trade. This made things easier because everyone knew how much their money was worth in relation to the US dollar. b. FIXED PRICES  The value of each currency was fixed to the US dollar. This was like having a price tag on everything, so you always knew how much something cost in US dollars  c. THE IMF AND WORLD BANK  The IMF and WorldBank:These were like the market place managers,helping countries with problems and lending money for development MARKET INTEGRATION  This does not pertain only to fusion of markets into one but it includes also the elimination of barriers that cause price differences among states.  This refers to the process of different markets becoming more closely linked, with prices and trading activity becoming increasingly synchronized.  HOW MARKET INTEGRATION WORKS? a. PRICES BECOME SIMILAR  The prices for similar products, like apples, start to become more alike in both the farmers market and the supermarket. This happens because people can now choose where to buy their apples, so sellers have to compete to offer good prices b. MORE CHOICES  You have more options to choose from. You can buy apples from the farmers market or the supermarket, and maybe even order them online from another city! c. COMPETITION INCREASES  The farmers market and the supermarket now have to compete with each other and with sellers from other areas.This pushes them to offer better quality products and better prices. GLOBAL TRADE  is like a giant marketplace where countries exchange goods and services. It's how we get things from all over  the world, like coffee from Brazil, clothes from China, and electronics from Japan. 1. IMPORTS  Things we buy from other countries (like that delicious chocolate from Switzerland). 2.EXPORTS  Things we sell to other countries (like those cool American sneakers). 3.TRADE BARRIERS  Sometimes, countries put up walls (figuratively!) to make it harder for other countries to trade with them.  These are called trade barriers, like tariffs (taxes on imported goods) or quotas (limits on how much of a product can be imported). 4.FREE TRADE  When countries remove trade barriers, it's called free trade. This allows for more competition and lower prices for consumers, but it can also lead to challenges for local businesses. GLOBAL CORPORATION  are often referred to mutinational corporation, transnational corporation and international or global corporations. 1. INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES  are importers and exporters, typically without investment outside of their home country 2.MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES  have investment in other countries, but do not have coordinated product offerings in each country. They are more focused on adapting their produc t s and services to each individual local market. 3.GLOBAL COMPANIES   have invested in and are present in many countries.They typically market their products and services to each individual local market. 4.TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES  are more complex organizations which have invested in foreign operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision making, research and development (R&D) and marketing powers to each individual foreign market.  EXAMPLES: Apple: Designs products in the US, manufactures in China, and sells globally. Samsung: A South Korean electronics giant with manufacturing and sales operations across the globe. Coca-Cola: A beverage giant with production and distribution networks across the globe. McDonald's: A fast-food chain with restaurants in almost every country. Nike: A sport swear and footwear company with manufacturing and sales operations worldwide. Toyota: is a Japanese car company that makes cars in many different countries and sells them all over the world. They even have factories in the United States!  HOW GLOBAL CORPORATIONS OPERATE? Gereffi has argued persuasively that ‘howglobal corporations work’ i s largely determined by whether they are situated in producer-driven or buyer-driven commodity chain   PRODUCER-DRIVEN COMMODITY CHAINS tend to have high entry barriers since many supply chains require capital and technology-intensive production supported by economies of scale, such as in the automobile and aeronautical industries. Under such circumstances, the value chain is mostly coordinated by the producers and the capacity of the distributors to deliver parts provided by subcontractors and finished goods to the market.  BUYER-DRIVEN COMMODITY CHAINS  tend to have low barriers to entry. Producers are bound to the decisions of buyers through the functions of design and marketing, notably when retailing and brand names are concerned. The most significant sectors concern agriculture, garments, footwear, and toys. Large traders and wholesalers are coordinating the orders of retailers and distributors. For instance, the “fast fashion” industry is a buyer- driven paradigm relying on supply chains adapting to constant changes in fashion trends and volatile consumer demands. A product can arrive on the market in less than a month after its design and order, while it can take more than six months for standard goods. STRUCTURAL PERIODS PERIOD FEATURES OF GLOBAL COVERED TRADE Investment- 1950-1970  Dominated by producer based driven commodity or Globalization value chains  Dominated by firms characterized by large amounts of concentrated capital focused on large- scale or capital intensive manufacturing or extractive industries (Neubauer, 2014).  International production networks were the primary vehicles for this  form of globalization.  Global companies try to manage the world as an integrated unit (Gereffi 2001) Trade-based 1970-1995  In the 1970s, there was a Globalization marked shift to export- oriented industrialization as a preferred development strategy in many parts of the developing world, (Gereffi & Wyman, 1990).  The emphasis on international production networks controlled by the headquarters of TNCS (producer-driven commodity chains) shifted to international sourcing networks controlled by large retailers and global marketers based in developed countries (buyer-driven commodity chains) (Gereffi 2001, Gereffi & Korzeniewicz, 1994) Digital 1995  This period created an Globalization onwards environment of extensive and instantaneous communication that propelled a more dynamic competition among global corporations.  In the mid-1990s, the information revolution and a growing acceptance of the Internet began to create an explosion in connectivity due to the open and almost cost-free exchange of a widening universe of rich information (Evans & Wurster, 2000; cited by Gereffi, 2001)  Symbolic capital is evident in this period  CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION  refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of political systems and institutions across the globe.  it encompasses the spread of political ideas, practices, and policies across borders, resulting in a growing influence of international organizations, treaties, and non-state actors on national politics and governance.  This phenomenon shapes how states interact with each other, as well as how domestic policies are influenced by global considerations. KEY ASPECTS OF POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION 1. International Organization 2. International Treaties and Agreements 3. Non-State Actors 4. Global Governance WHAT IS STATE?  defined in political science as a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of its own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control.  body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedomfrom external control. In short, it is essential ELEMENTS OF STATE 1. PEOPLE  refers to the mass of population living in the state.  Without people there can be no functionaries to govern and no subjects to be governed 2. TERRITORY  it includes not only the land over which the jurisdiction of the state extends, but also the rivers and lakes, a certain area of the sea which abuts upon its coasts and the air space above it.  It is principally the geographical profile of a state that is definite and its resources are enough to sustain the well- being of its people. 3. GOVERNMENT  it refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. The state needs an instrumentality in as much as it is imperative for the same to exist and operate.  Therefore, the state cannot exist without a government, which will bring into action the collective aspirations of the people whom it served.  It usually refers to those persons in which hands are placed for the time being the function of political control.  Ordinary citizens are part of the state and not the government. 4. SOVEREIGNTY  this term may be defined as the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and corollary to have freedom from foreign control. a. INTERNAL  or the power of the state to rule within its territory.  b. EXTERNAL  or the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states. (Independence) These internal and external aspects of sovereignty are not absolutely true in practice because of the development of international relations and consequently, of international law. WHAT IS NATION?  is generally defined as a group of people who have strong emotional, cultural, linguistic, religious, and historical ties.  they may have live within the boundaries of one or several linguistic, or religious background and may not particularly like each other – a nation is characterized by commonality and strong feelings of identity.  it is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language, customs and traditions, and believe that they are one and distinct from others. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE NATION STATE  is about shared identity  is about power and and belonging. governance.  It's about the people  It's about the organization WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL POLITICS?  is the study of how countries interact with each other. It's about the relationships between nations, the power they  wield, and the conflicts and cooperation that arise between them ATTRIBUTES OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS 1. MORE PLAYERS  It's not just about countries anymore. Big companies, international organizations (like the UN), and even groups of activists have a bigsay in what happens. SIX PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF UNITED NATIONS a. General Assembly: This is like theUN's town hall meeting. All 193 member countries get to talk, vote on ideas, and decide how to spend the UN'smoney. b.Security Council: Think of this as theUN's emergency response team. They deal with conflicts and wars, trying to make peace and keep things safe. There are 15 members, including 5 permanent ones with special power c. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): This group focuses onmaking sure everyone has a fair chance at a good life. They work on things like poverty, education, and the environment. d.Trusteeship Council : This department used to help countries become independent. Now it's basically retired, as all those countries are independent now. e. International Court of Justice(ICJ): This is the UN's court room. They settle legal disputes between countries, like if there's a disagreement about borders or treaties. f. Secretariat: This is the UN's administrative team. They handle the day-to-day work of the UN, like managing staff, organizing meetings, and carrying out decisions made by other organs.  2. NO WORLD GOVERNMENT  There's no boss to tell everyone what to do. This means countries have to work together to solve problems, but it can also lead to conflicts. 3. NEW CHALLENGES  We face problems that cross borders, like climate change and pandemics. These require global cooperation, but it' s hard to get everyone on the same page. 4. POWER SHIFTS  The world is becoming more multi-polar. It's not just the UScalling the shots anymore. Countries like China and India are rising in power, and this changes the balance of things. 5. TECHNOLOGY’S IMPACT  The internet and social media have made information spread faster than ever. This can be good for spreading awareness, but it can also lead to misinformation and instability CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE  refers to the way countries, international organizations,non-governmental entities, and other stakeholders work together to address global challenges and manage international affairs. COOPERATION  Countries and organizations coming together to solve problems that affect everyone, like climate change or trade disputes. RULES AND AGREEMENTS  Creating guidelines and agreements to manage issues that impact the entire world, such as human rights or environmental protection.  GLOBAL GOVERNANCE  is a complex and evolving concept that encompasses the institutions, rules, norms, and procedures that facilitate collective action and cooperation among countries and other actors on a global scale.  It addresses global challenges that transcend national borders and require collective solutions, such as economic development, trade, human rights, environmental protection, and peace and security. TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT 1. BILATERAL AGREEMENTS  These agreements involve two countries and address issues specific to their relationship.  can cover various areas such as trade, investment, military cooperation, and diplomatic relations. 2. MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS  involve three or more countries and often address global issues that require collective action.  Organizations like the United Nations facilitate the negotiation and implementation of multilateral agreements on issues such as human rights, climate change, and disarmament. ROLE OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONALLAWIN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE PROMOTING PEACE AND STABILITY  International law serves as a foundation for maintaining international peace and security.  Treaties like the United Nations Charter outline the rights and responsibilities of states, prohibiting the use of  force and establishing mechanisms for peaceful dispute settlement. RESOLVING DISPUTES AND PROMOTING JUSTICE  International law provides mechanisms for peaceful settlement of conflicts, such as arbitration, mediation, and adjudication.  International courts and tribunals, likethe International Court of Justice (ICJ) andtheInternational Criminal Court (ICC), play a pivotal role in ensuring accountability for human rights violations, war crimes, and acts of aggression. PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS AND ADVANCING GLOBAL JUSTICE  The protection of human rights is a cornerstone of international law.  Numerous international human rights treaties and conventions, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, set forth the rights and freedoms that should be universally respected. REGULATING GLOBAL COMMONS AND PRESERVING THE ENVIRONMENT  International law extends to regulating and preserving the global commons, including the high seas, outer space, and the environment.  International agreements, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, establish guidelines for the use and protection of marine resources, ensuring equitable access and sustainable management. FOSTERING COOPERATION AND COLLABORATION  International law serves as a catalyst for cooperation and collaboration among nations.  Through treaties and agreements, states commit to common goals, such as nuclear non- proliferation,  disarmament, trade liberalization, and the promotion of public health.  SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW INTERNATIONAL TREATIES  Treaties, also known as international conventions, are formal agreements between states, establishing rules expressly recognized by the parties involved.  They can range from bilateral agreements between two states to multilateral conventions involving numerous countries.  Examples include the United Nations Charter, the Geneva Conventions, and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS  Customary international law arises from the consistent practice of states over time, accompanied by the belief that such practice is legally required (opinio juris).  It reflects the shared understanding of states regarding their conduct in international relations GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW  These principles refer to fundamental legal concepts common to most national legal systems, such as the principle of good faith, the presumption of innocence, and the principle of res judicata (a matter already decided by a court).  They are considered fundamental to the administration of justice and are applied in international law when relevant.  JUDICIAL DECISIONS  While not primary sources of law, judicial decisions and the writings of highly qualified publicists (legal scholars) serve as subsidiary means for determining rules of law.  They provide evidence and interpretation of existing rules, contributing to the development and understanding of international law. SOME ISSUES RESOLVED THROUGH GLOBAL GOVERNANCE HUMAN RIGHTS  Every individual can demand certain fundamental rights (the right to life, freedom from bodily harm, personal freedom, freedom of expression and of speech) THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS DURING WARS AND ARMED CONFLICTS  International humanitarian law defines the rules of war and especially those concerning the protection of civilians, the wounded and prisoners of war. THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM AND OTHER SERIOUS CRIMES  Efforts to deal with such threats can only be effective if they are founded on international law. ENVIRONMENT  The more universal the rules on protecting climate and preserving natural resources are, the more efficient they are TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT  A stable international order is an essential pre requisite for achieving this.  TELECOMMUNICATIONS  A telephone call abroad would be impossible without a body of international law TRANSPORT  International treaties are essential for ensuring the safety of international air and rail travel.  CHAPTER 4: THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH  The global divide refers to the significant disparities in wealth, development, and access to resources between different regions of the world.  It's often described as a gap between the "Global North" (wealthier, industrialized nations) and the "Global South" (poorer, developing nations). BRIEF HISTORY OF GLOBAL DIVIDE COLONIALISM AND ITS LEGACY  The era of colonialism, spanning from the 15th to the 20th centuries, played a pivotal role in establishing the global divide. European powers exploited vast territories in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, extracting resources and wealth while suppressing local economies and development.  This exploitation created a system of dependency, where colonized nations were forced to rely on the colonizers for trade, technology, and even political stability.  The legacy of colonialism continues to impact the Global South, contributing to poverty, inequality,and political instability. THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND GLOBALIZATION  The Industrial Revolution, beginning in the late 18th century, further widened the gap between the Global North and South. Technological advancements and industrialization led to rapid economic growth in Europe  and North America, while many parts of the Global South remained largely agrarian.  The subsequent era of globalization, driven by trade and technological interconnectedness,reinforced existing inequalities. While the Global North benefited from increased trade and investment, the Global South often faced exploitation and unequal terms of trade. THE COLD WAR AND ITS IMPACT  The Cold War (1947-1991) between the United States and the Soviet Union further shaped the global divide. While the US and its allies focused on economic development and technological advancement, many countries in the Global South were caught in the crossfire of geopolitical competition.  The Cold War also saw the rise of Cold War-era development models, such as the"modernization theory, " which often prioritized economic growth over social equity and sustainable development CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GLOBAL NORTH STATES 1. Tend to have stable currencies and robust financial markets, making them attractive to investors from all over the world. 2. Aligned or amicable with Western countries, highly industrialized, has comparatively low poverty, and high accessibility to modern resources and insfrastructure. 3. Stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and respect for and protection of minorities. 4. Public education and health services are at a high level for developed countries as thoses are the major areas od spending. 5. Good infrastructure that allows access to every part of the country that needs it 6. Marked with less corruption and good stable political system where the checks and balances are functioning properly CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH STATES 1. Lack of weel developed market economies based on entrepreneurship and private enterprises. 2. Unable to evolve an idigenous technology appropriate to their own resources. 3. Dependent on powerful Global North multinational corporations to transfer technical kow how. 4. With gross incomes (GNI) per capita of under 900 dollar per year and their overwhelming rural populations depend on agriculture for subsistence. 5. Their geographic location hampers the economic development 6. Productivity remained low due to managerial inefficiency, lack of modern technology and inadequate transportation and communication infrastructures. PRESENT DAY GLOBAL RELATIONS OF NORTH AND SOUTH  The relationship between the Global North and Global South today is a mix of cooperation and conflict. Think of it like this:  The North: Historically, the North (mostly Europe and North America) has been richer and more powerful. They have a lot of technology and influence. The South: The South (mostly Africa, Asia, and Latin America) has faced challenges like poverty, lack of resources, and the effects of colonialism. CHANGES 1. Emerging Economies: Countries like China and India are growing rapidly, challenging the North's dominance. 2. Shared Challenges: Climate change, inequality, and global governance are issues that affect everyone, but the South often feels the effects more strongly. COOPERATION 1. Aid: The North still helps the South with money and development programs. 2. Trade: The North and South do business together, but the terms of trade are sometimes unfair. 3. Technology: The South wants to learn fromthe North's advanced technology CHALLENGES 1. Inequality: The gap between rich and poor countries remains a big problem. 2. Neocolonialism: Some people think the North still controls the South through economics and politics. 3. Debt: Many Southern countries are burdened by debt, making it hard to develop. CONCLUSION  The world is becoming more interconnected, but the North and South still have different needs and interests. Building a more just and equal world requires cooperation and understanding.  ASIA REGIONALISM 1. Interdependence: Asian countries are increasingly connected, relying on each other for trade, development, and security. 2. Shared Challenges: They face common issues like poverty, environmental problems, and territorial disputes, which require cooperation. 3. Economic Growth: Many Asian countries have experienced rapid economic development, leading to closer ties. ORGANIZATIONS 1. ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)  Founded in 1967, ASEAN comprises TEN MEMBER STATES: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.  Its primary objectives include promoting economic growth, regional stability, and social and cultural development.  Key initiatives include the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) for trade liberalization and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) for security cooperation 2. SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)  Established in 1985, SAARC brings together EIGHT MEMBER STATES: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.  It aims to promote economic growth, social progress, and cooperation in various fields, including agriculture, energy, and technology.  Key initiatives include the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) and the South Asian University.cooperation.  3. ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC)  Founded in 1989, APEC is a forum for 21 MEMBER ECONOMIES: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam.  Its primary focus is on promoting economic cooperation and open regionalism.  APEC has established working groups and networks to address issues suchas trade, investment, and sustainable development. 4. SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION(SCO)  Established in 2001, the SCO comprises EIGHT MEMBER STATES: China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.  It aims to enhance security cooperation, promote economic development, andfoster cultural exchanges among its members.  The SCO has played a significant role in addressing regional security concerns, particularly in Central Asia 5. ARAB LEAGUE  Founded in 1945, the Arab League is a regional organization with 22 MEMBER STATES, primarily located in North Africa and the Middle East.  It aims to promote political, economic, cultural, and social cooperation among its members.  The Arab League has played a role in mediating conflicts between member states and coordinating policies on issues such as oil production.  WHYIS THERE AN ASIAN REGIONALISM?  Asian regionalism is driven by a combination of internal factors, such as economic growth, shared challenges, and a desire for greater influence, as well as external factors, including globalization, shifting power dynamics, and the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis.  These factors have created a compelling environment for Asian countries to cooperate and integrate, leading to the emergence of various regional organizations and initiatives that are shaping the future of the region. POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS  The future of Asian regionalism is likely to be marked by both opportunities and challenges. As the region continues to evolve, it is crucial for Asian countries to navigate the complex interplay of economic, political, and security factors to ensure a prosperous and stable future.  This will require a commitment to inclusivity, cooperation, and sustainable development,as well as a willingness to adapt to changing power dynamics and global trends.