Sociology Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Jeopardy Q&A _____ are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals/groups. - Gender stereotypes ______ describes individuals born with male and female biological traits. - Intersex This was the first year the Census had a “mixed race c...

Jeopardy Q&A _____ are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals/groups. - Gender stereotypes ______ describes individuals born with male and female biological traits. - Intersex This was the first year the Census had a “mixed race category. - 2000 This sociological theorist believes that deviance is not only inevitable, but it can be positive for society. - Emile Durkheim What are the three proponents of sociological imagination? - Personal experiences, historical time period, and broader social context. Approximately how many intersex people are currently in America? - 6 million This theory of crime says that once individuals are characterized as criminals, that they will start engaing in crime in response. - Labeling theory Who coined the term “intersectionality” - Kimberle Crenshaw The fact that race depends on the society defining it proves how race is a __________ - Social construct The dominant and most socially prized masculinity that men are supposed to strive for. - Hegemonic masculinity Protect tactics range from _____ to _____ - Conventional to disruptive The idea that most buildings are built without an understanding of people using wheelchairs is an example of which type of intersectionality? - Structural or macro intersectional Less than _____% of DNA differences can be attributed to race. - 1% What are the three components of the Criminal Justice System? - Police, courts, and corrections What tactic did MADD primarily use? - Emotional advertising What is one of the protest songs Dr. Heitkamp showed during class? - Holiday, I Killed You, Just a Girl, When the President Talks to God What is the maximum jail sentence? - 1 year Sex and gender can be used interchangeably. - False This describes a group of people who have a shared cultural/religious heritage - Ethnicity Week 9 – Crime Corrections Corrections: The branch of the criminal justice system that deals with individual that have been convicted of a crime Includes: o Jails o Prisons o Probation o Parole Jail o Jail: Locally funded facilities housing offenders with short sentences, who are awaiting trial, or who have committed less serious crimes o Maximum sentence is one year o Over 10.6 million people enter jail every year o At least 1 in 4 people who go to jail will be arrested again in the same year o In other words, very high recidivism Prison o Prison: Federally funded institutions that house convicted offenders o The U.S. prison system costs roughly $80 billion a year o Over 600,000 people enter prison every year o Nearly half of people in prison are convicted of nonviolent crimes o Examples: Drug offenses, property crime, public order crimes Probation o Probation: Allows the offender to remain in society and have their behavior monitored by a probation officer (PO) o An alternative to jail or prison that costs less than incarceration and gives individuals the chance to stay in their community o Techniques like meeting with POs, ankle devices, and breathalyzers allow for the CJ system to monitor the behavior of those on probation Parole Parole: The conditional release of prisoners before the full completion of their sentence o Granted by a parole board and allows a person to be released before the end of their sentence o Parole prevents need of those who are not likely to commit further crimes o Gives offenders an opportunity to reintegrate back into society o Usually involves steps like living in halfway houses or mandatory AA meetings Intro to Criminology o Criminology: The scientific approach to understanding criminal behavior o Areas of interest for criminologists: oThe process of making laws oHow have laws changed over the years? o Crime as a social phenomenon oWhy do some areas have considerably more crime than others? o Social reaction to crime oWhich crimes does society find especially heinous? Criminology and Other Areas Criminology is related to but distinct from: Criminal Justice Sociology Anthropology Behavioral Psychology Forensic Psychology Political Science Criminology and Criminal Justice Criminology and Criminal Justice are not the same thing Criminology explains the origin, extent, nature, and societal response to crime Criminology focuses on criminals' psychological and sociological factors and motivations Criminal Justice refers to agencies of social control Centers around established procedures and systems Seek effective methods of crime control and offender rehabilitation History of Criminology ▪Demonic perspective: Pre-1750's ▪Individuals committing crime were under control of the devil ▪Punishment consisted of public humiliation and torture ▪Classical School: 1750-1900, 1970-present ▪Thought that the justice system needed to be improved – wanted to get rid of excessive forms of punishment ▪Crime and punishment need to be balanced and fair ▪Deterrence theory: The thought that individuals won't commit crimes if they fear the punishment ▪Pain of punishment should exceed the benefits of crime Two Different Starting Points ▪ 1. Control Perspective: Believes that people are born with deviant inclinations ▪Individuals have criminal urges ▪It is society's responsibility to control these urges and stop individuals from committing crime ▪ 2. Learning Perspective: Believes that society teaches individuals to be criminal ▪Individuals are born good, it's society that socializes them to be criminal Self Control Theory ▪Developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi in 1990 ▪Children are born with low levels of self-control ▪If parents monitor, recognize and punish deviant behavior, children develop levels of self- control ▪If not, individuals grow up with low self-control ▪Impulsive, risk-seeking, low frustration tolerance ▪Individuals with low levels of self-control will engage in higher deviant and criminal behaviors because they can't help themselves Labeling Theory ▪ Developed by Lemert in 1951 ▪ Primary deviance: Individuals commit acts of deviance or crime for various reasons ▪Society therefore labels these individuals as "bad people" ▪I.e., Criminals, unwanted, ugly, etc. ▪ Secondary deviance: Deviance in response to the stigma  ▪Self-fulfilling prophecy ▪An individual 'takes on' the label and acts accordingly ▪ Labeling theorists are concerned with how/why society assigns deviance Theories of Crime Wrap-up ▪ Three components of the criminal justice system: Police, courts, corrections ▪ Corrections: Describes jail, prison, probation, and parole ▪ Criminology: The study of crime ▪ Two schools of thought: ▪ Control perspective: Individuals are born with criminal urges ▪ Learning perspective: Individuals are socialized to commit crimes ▪ Theories of criminology: Social control, social learning, general strain, self-control, and labeling theory Week 10 – Deviance (Monday) Social Norms ▪ Social norms: The unwritten shared rules and expectations that guide feelings, behavior, and interactions within a given society ▪ Provide us with an expected idea of how to behave in a particular social group or culture ▪ Social norms are contextual ▪ Any behavior that violates a social norm is considered deviant Deviance ▪ Deviance: A trait, belief, or behavior that violates societal norms and elicits a negative response ▪ Anything considered "non-normative" ▪ What is considered deviant varies from culture to culture ▪ What is considered deviant for one group may be acceptable for another Examples of Deviance ▪ Murder ▪ Robbery ▪ Assault ▪ Interrupting ▪ Not holding the door open ▪ "Ghosting" someone ▪ Picking one's nose in public Empirical Examples ▪ Reisig and Pratt (2011) ▪ College sample ▪ 25% reported farting in public, 25% reported calling friends or romantic interests while intoxicated, and 20% reported engaging in academic fraud ▪ Heitkamp and Mowen (2023) ▪ College sample ▪ 90% reported staring at others in public, 70% reported having bad breath or body odor, and 50% reported burping in public within the past month Deviance is Contextual ▪ Whether something is deviant is dependent on the context, location, culture, and person committing the deviance ▪Ex. It is generally deviant for men to wear dresses in America ▪Yet it is a normal and common behavior for Irish men to wear kilts ▪ Deviance also depends on what those in power decide is deviant ▪Ex. White-collar crime vs. Street crime How can deviance be positive? Durkhiem on Deviance ▪ Functionalism: Every aspect of society is important for the healthy functioning of society ▪ Durkheim believed deviance is an inevitable and necessary part of society ▪ Deviance is important because: ▪It clarifies social norms and increases conformity ▪It strengthens the social bonds of those reacting to it ▪It can lead to positive change Definitions of Deviance ▪ Normative definition ▪ Reactionist definition ▪ Absolutist definition Normative Definition ▪ 1. Normative Deviance: Beliefs, thoughts, or behaviors are deviant when they violate a norm ▪"Deviance violates institutionalized expectations – that is, expectations that are shared and recognized as legitimate within a social system." Cohen 1955 ▪ Ex. Swearing in church, not holding the door open for someone behind you, not washing your hands after using the bathroom Reactivist Definition ▪ 2. Reactivist Deviance: Deviance is whatever causes a negative reaction by society ▪ Society defines deviance based on what the majority of people accept or reject ▪ Historical examples: Women wearing pants, interracial marriage, Elvis shaking his hips Absolutist Definition ▪ 3. Absolutist: Posits that some beliefs/behaviors are inherently deviant, immoral, or wrong ▪ This would mean that ALL societies would agree on what is considered deviant ▪ Not sociological  ▪ Ex. Incest, murder, pineapple on pizza Deviance: Wrap-up ▪ Social norms: The unwritten expectations of behavior ▪ Deviance: A trait, belief, or behavior that violates norms ▪ Durkheim argued that deviance is good for society ▪ Three definitions of deviance: Normative, reactivist, and absolutist Week 11 Race and Ethnicity (Monday) What is Race? ▪ Race: The way we categorize groups of people based on skin color and phenotype (physical features) depending on what society deems as important ▪ Socially defined categories based on real or perceived differences between groups of people ▪ Race isn't biologically real ▪ Less than 1% of DNA differences in humans can be attributed to race Race in Perspective ▪ Humans and chimpanzees share a 98.8% DNA similarity ▪ We are so similar due to our evolutionary history ▪ In fact, human and chimp DNA is nearly identical when you compare the bands on the chromosomes ▪ Humans are genetically 94% similar to dogs, 80% similar to cows, and 60% to bananas Social Constructs ▪ Social constructs are "things" that are collectively formed, sustained, and shaped by the social contexts in which they exist ▪ They significantly impact both the behavior and perceptions of individuals ▪ Often internalized based on cultural narratives ▪ Social constructs may not exist without the existence of humans or language to validate the concepts ▪ Without society these constructs would cease to exist Race as a Social Construct ▪ Race is socially constructed through human interaction and relationships with different groups ▪ Race was invented as a way to define physical differences between people, but has more often been used as a tool for oppression and violence ▪ However, race is real in its consequences ▪Perceived race affect how we treat each other, what we think, and how we feel others treat us ▪ For the last 300+ years, race has served as the "premier source of human identity" (Smedley 1998) Race Changes ▪ Because race is a social construct, it's definition depends on society ▪ Our idea of race is fluid – it changes over time ▪People of Mexican ancestry were considered white until 1930 ▪It has flip-flopped several times since then between white and Hispanic ▪Between 2000 and 2010, millions of individuals changed race on the census from "some other race" to "white" Who is Considered White? ▪ Different cultures define race differently ▪ Today, light-skinned people of European decent are considered White ▪ Ex. British, Irish, Italian, Scandinavian, German ▪ However, in the early 1900s anyone that wasn't White Anglo-Saxon protestant was considered "Ethnic" ▪ In America, Jewish is seen as an ethnicity (so you can be Jewish AND white) but in Europe it is seen as a race According to Census 2020 ▪ White: A person having origins in any of the original people of Europe, the Middle East, or North America (German, Irish, English, Italian, Lebanese, French, Polish, Iranian, etc.) ▪ Black or African American: A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa (African American, Jamaican, Haitian, Nigerian, Ethiopian, Somali, Ghanaian, etc.) ▪ American Indian and Alaskan Native: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment ▪ Asian: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, of the Indian subcontinent (India, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam) ▪ Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands ▪ Two or More Races What is Ethnicity? ▪ Ethnicity: Group of people who have a shared cultural heritage ▪ Characteristics of ethnic groups: ▪Share unique cultural traits ▪Feel a sense of community ▪Share the same religion, nationality or other factor ▪Live in the same geographical area ▪ Example: ▪Japanese and Vietnamese people are both Asian (race) ▪However, they have completely different cultures (ethnicity) Ethnicity in America ▪ Ethnic enclaves: Geographical locations with high ethnic concentration ▪ Provides various advantages including job opportunities, a feeling of belonging, strong ties, cultural celebrations, lower levels of crime, and even health benefits ▪ Examples: Chinatown, Little Italy, Cubans in Miami, Jewish communities in Manhattan Growing Diversity ▪ America is the most multicultural it has ever been ▪ The population identifying as more than one race grew by 32% from 2000 to 2010 alone ▪ By the year 2060, it's expected that Non-Hispanic Whites will drop from 60.1% to 44.3% of Americans Race/Ethnicity Wrap-up ▪ Race: The way we categorize groups of people based on skin color and phenotype (physical features) depending on what society deems as important ▪ Socially constructed and changes over time and place ▪ Ethnicity has more to do with cultural associations ▪ America is becoming more and more racially/ethnically diverse Week 11 Consequences of Race (Friday) Negative Macro Effects of Race ▪ Prejudice: Negative attitudes based on generalizations about members of specific groups ▪ Ex: A Christian person having negative opinions about Muslims ▪ Discrimination: The denial of opportunities or rights to individuals or groups based on prejudice ▪ Ex: Not hiring someone because of a certain trait (e.g., pregnant, Black, Jewish, etc.) ▪ Explicit racism: Conscious belief that one race is superior to others ▪Ex. Being a white supremacist Implicit Bias ▪ Implicit bias: Despite our best intentions and without our awareness, we have certain assumptions about people based on race/ethnicity ▪Famous book "Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People" ▪"Thoughts about people you didn't know you had" ▪ Isn't always negative ▪We can even harbor implicit biases about our own groups Implicit Racism ▪ Implicit racism: Unconscious biases about different races ▪ Comes from the messages, attitudes, and stereotypes we pick up subconsciously from the world we live in ▪ Implicit racism affects our thoughts, feelings, and even actions towards others ▪ Studies have shown that people harbor implicit biases that favor Germans over Turks (in Germany), Japanese over Koreans (in Japan), and light-skinned people over darker-skinned people (in America Implicit Associations Test (IAT) ▪ The goal is to educate individuals about their implicit biases ▪ Developed by researchers in the 90's ▪ Now a non-profit organization allows for people to take tests online for free  ▪ Types of tests: Gender-science, presidents, weapons, trans/cis people, skin- tone, weight, Arab/Muslim, age, religion, sexuality Stereotypes ▪ Stereotypes: Exaggerated and over-generalized belief about certain groups of people ▪They simplify our world by reducing the amount of processing (e.g., thinking) ▪Aren't always bad ▪Common examples: Asians being good at math, women being bad drivers, black men being criminals ▪ Stereotype threat: Happens when someone is in a situation where there are in fear of confirming a negative stereotype ▪This can cause internal conflict and emotional distress Study: Stereotype Susceptibility ▪ Shih et al. (1999) ▪Had respondents take a difficult math test ▪Stereotypes: Asians being good at math and women being bad at math ▪Before the test, respondents were reminded of either their race (Asian) or gender (female) ▪Results: Individuals who were reminded of their race performed better than the control group and individuals who were reminded of their gender performed worse than the control group Study: Sterotype Effect that Effect Black and White Athletic Performance ▪ Stone et al. (1999) ▪ Core assumption: People hold stereotypes about Black and White athletes ▪ Findings: ▪ Black participants performed worse than control participants when primed that golf was framed as a sport "of intelligence" ▪ White participants performed worse when golf tasks were framed as a "naturalistic athletic ability" Study: The Mark of a Criminal Record ▪ Pager (2001) ▪ Sent white and black individuals to apply for jobs with the exact same resumes ▪ One was randomly chosen to have a criminal background ▪ Looked at call-backs from the employers ▪ Results: Not only were black individuals less likely to receive call-backs, but black individuals without a criminal record were also less likely to receive a call compared to white individuals with a criminal record Consequences of Race Wrap-up ▪ Ethnicity: Group of people who have a shared cultural heritage ▪ Race and ethnicity are two different things ▪ Negative experiences of racism: Prejudice, discrimination, explicit and implicit racism ▪ Empirical research on stereotypes highlights how our perception of race affects many things in society Week 12 Gender (Monday) Sex and Gender ▪ Sex: Biological and physiological differences between males and females ▪Dependent on biology ▪ Gender: Refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with males and females ▪ A systematic way of understanding how men and women behave socially and how this affects the broader society ▪Dependent on society Sex ▪ Biological differences in anatomy including internal and external sex organs, chromosomes, and hormones ▪ Impacts physical health ▪Ex. Trends and rates of diseases, strength, body size and shape ▪ Hormonal differences ▪Women XX ▪Men XY ▪However, there are more than two sexes Intersex ▪ Intersex: Individuals born with a combination of male and female biological traits ▪ Includes any of the sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that do not strictly fit into the binary notions of male or female bodies ▪Ex. Being born appearing female on the outside, but having mostly male-typical anatomy on the inside ▪Or being born with genitals that seem to be in-between the usual male and female types like a female with a large clitoris or lacking a vaginal opening ▪ Makes up an estimated 1.7% of the population Gender ▪ Refers to the differences between men's and women's roles and responsibilities that are socially constructed, changeable over time and have wide variations within and among cultures ▪ Associated with masculinity and femininity ▪ Through socialization, individuals understand acceptable and unacceptable behavior that aligns with gendered expectations ▪Ex. Attire, body movements and gestures, personality traits, occupations, attraction and choice of sexual partners For Every 100 Girls... ▪ For every 100 girls who drop out of high school, 121 boys drop out ▪ For every 100 women aged 20-24 who commit suicide, 624 men commit suicide ▪ For every 100 women aged 22-24 within the criminal justice system, 1,430 men are in the system ▪ For every 100 women aged 18-24 living in homeless shelters, 86 men live in shelters Gender Stereotypes ▪Through socialization, men and women are taught that they should think, feel, and act a certain way ▪Masculinity/femininity: Beliefs and guidelines for appropriate behavior ▪Gender stereotypes: Simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals/groups ▪Ex. Women are caring, overly emotional, compassionate, naturally maternal ▪Ex. Men are logical, assertive, competitive, physically strong Sexism ▪ Sexism: Discrimination against individuals or groups based on their perceived sex or gender ▪ Can include: ▪The belief that one sex is superior to the others ▪The belief that men and women are biologically, psychologically, and emotionally different – which should impact society, language, and laws ▪The hatred of men (misandry), women (misogyny), or trans people (transphobia) Types of Sexism ▪ Interpersonal: Manifests during personal interactions ▪Ex: telling a woman to smile more, talking down to someone based off assumptions of their gender, making sexist jokes ▪ Institutional: Sexism is entrenched in organizations and institutions ▪Ex: the government, the legal system, the education system, healthcare, and financial institutions ▪ Internalized: Individuals can internalize sexist beliefs about themselves ▪Ex: women feeling weak of powerless, men feeling like they need to earn more money than their girlfriends Hegemonic Masculinity ▪ Part of R. W. Connell's gender order theory ▪ Hegemony: An ideological practice that sustains and legitimizes the interests of the dominant group in a society ▪ Hegemonic masculinity: The dominant and most socially prized form of masculinity available to men ▪Hegemonic masculinity enacts power over women AND other types of masculinity ▪ Recognizes how masculinities vary across time, culture, and individual Examples ▪ Hegemonic masculinity provides a normative standard to which men can aspire to ▪However, these are unrealistic standards that even the most 'masculine' men cannot fulfill ▪ Traits: ▪Demonstrate power and control (especially over women) ▪Display aggression ▪Don't show any signs of femininity ▪Heterosexual ▪Don't show weakness or fear ▪Don't cry or express emotions Gender Wrap-up ▪ Social constructs are "things" that are collectively formed, sustained, and shaped by the social contexts in which they exist ▪Sex is the biological anatomy, gender is the socially developed expectations of masculinity and femininity ▪ Gender stereotypes: Simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals/groups ▪ Sexism: Discrimination against individuals or groups based on their perceived sex or gender ▪Types: Interpersonal, institutional and internalized Week 12 Sexuality (Wednesday) Cisgender ▪ Cisgender: When an individual's gender identity aligns with their sex assigned at birth ▪ Cisgender people enjoy many privileges in society as their gender identity is treated as society's default ▪ There has been a push for cisgender people to explicitly use the term cisgender to describe themselves in an effort to demonstrate awareness and acknowledgement of transgender people Transgender ▪ Transgender: Refers to individuals whose gender identity does not match their sex at birth ▪Trans man: A person born with female sex characteristics that identifies as a man ▪Trans woman: A person born with male sex characteristics that identifies as a woman ▪ Every individual undergoes their unique process of transitioning ▪For some, this process involves hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery Nonbinary ▪ Nonbinary: When someone's gender falls outside of the gender binary ▪ You see yourself as neither exclusively a man or a woman ▪ Nonbinary means different things to different people ▪ It can mean: ▪ A combination of a man and a woman ▪ Neither a man or a woman ▪ Something else Sexual Orientation ▪Heterosexual: Being attracted to the opposite sex ▪ LGBTQIA+: ▪Lesbian – a woman attracted to women  ▪Gay – a man attracted to men ▪Bisexual – being attracted to both genders ▪Transgender – a person whose gender identity doesn't align with their sex at birth ▪Queer – an umbrella term – capturing a wide range of sexualities ▪Intersex – an Indvidual's chromosomes do not align with strictly male or female ▪Ally – a heterosexual individual who is supportive, or Asexual – not having sexual attraction Sociology of Sexuality ▪ Sexuality has largely been ignored within the field of sociology ▪ Through in-fighting and confusion about what sociology should focus on, sexuality was removed from the canon ▪Because topics like race, gender, and sexuality were excluded from the sociological cannon, it implied that these topics were not worthy or important to study ▪ The culture of sexual repression made it difficult (and still does!) to study sex ▪ Limited sociologists' opportunities to study sex Sexuality in the 60’s ▪ Sexual rebellion in the post-war era of the 60's ▪ Loosened morals around sex and sexuality ▪ Change in culture sparked sociologists' interest in studying sexuality ▪ Though there was a sexual revolution, sex was still a highly contentious subject – even among sociologists ▪ A lot of sociological work on sexuality was focuses on solving "social problems" ▪ Premarital sex, teenage pregnancy, sexuality transmitted diseases When is it “Gay” and for Who? ▪ Typically, we think one's sexual behavior aligns with their sexual orientation ▪That is not what bares out in reality ▪ Women's sexuality, compared to men's, is more malleable and accepted by society ▪ Ex. Women can make out or sleep with women and it is usually seen as them "experimenting"  ▪When men do the same with other men, it is an automatic assumption that they are gay Alfred Kinsey ▪ Father of American Sex Research ▪ Started off as a biologist studying wasps ▪ After he wasn’t offered a professorship at a prestigious university, he switched gears ▪Taught a course on Marriage and the Family ▪ Attempted to replace the conventional ideas of normal sexual behavior with a new biological definition "nearly all the so-called sexual perversions fall within the range of biological normality" ▪His students responded enthusiastically, and his enrollments grew to 400 Research Methods ▪ Was focused on the fact that we knew almost nothing about human sexual behavior in contrast to knowing so much about the sexual behavior of animals ▪ He required students in his marriage course to have private conferences where he took their sexual histories ▪ On the weekends he interviewed community members about their sexual histories in Chicago, St. Louis, and Philadelphia ▪ Kinsey received research support from the National Research Council and the Rockefeller Foundation which allowed him to hire research assistants and expand the geographic scope of this work ▪ Founded the Institute of Sex Research in 1947 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male ▪ Kinsey and his collaborators published the seminal book on sexuality "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" in 1948 ▪ Despite being 804 pages and containing dry, scientific writing, the book became a best seller in 3 weeks ▪ The book was based on over 5,000 sexual histories ▪ Discussed the prevalence of masturbation, adulterous sexual activity, and homosexuality ▪ Received a good amount of backlash from religious institutions and social scientists criticizing his methods Sexual Behavior in the Human Female ▪ Kinsey and his collaborators published "Sexual Behavior and the Human Female" five years later ▪ This was based on almost 6,000 sexual histories ▪ Talked about masturbatory practices, premarital sexuality, and orgasms ▪ Again, this was met with major public backlash ▪ This time the counterattack was so ferocious that they held a congressional investigation of his financial support ▪ After this investigation, the Rockefeller Foundation withdrew its funding Major Findings ▪ Female sex drive was at equal levels with male sex drive ▪ Women "peak sexually" in their 30s ▪ Nearly all men masturbate ▪ Thoughts, feelings, and behavior towards the same or opposite sex was not consistent over time ▪ Big takeaway: It was extremely rare to be 100% ▪ Sexuality falls along a spectrum Impact ▪ Seemingly single-handedly, the two volumes on sexuality led to: ▪ The sexual revolution ▪ Roe v. Wade ▪ Sex education in schools ▪ The destigmatization and glamorization of porn  ▪ Loosening of sex-offender laws Controversy ▪ Kinsey's methods were a still are very controversial ▪Ex. Kinsey's conclusions on the sexuality of young children were not based on interviews, but on the secret history of a single pedophile who kept a diary of his experiences with 317 pre-adolescent boys ▪In the book, Kinsey said that nine of his "sources" observed pre-adolescents having orgasms but argued that the adults were "technically trained persons who kept diaries" ▪The one man was not trained in social science or sexuality, he worked in forestry Controversy ▪ In 1997 James H. Jones came out with a biography called "Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life" ▪ It revealed how Kinsey had affairs with men, encouraged open marriages among his staff, stimulated himself with urethral insertion and ropes, and filmed sex in his attic ▪A direct quote from Jones: "It shouldn't surprise us that pleas for sexual tolerance would come from a person who couldn't be himself in public." ▪ The truth about Kinsey's sex life is currently locked away in the archives of the Kinsey Institute for Reseach in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction ▪Alongside the approximately 8,000 sex histories he collected, and 10,000 sex histories collected by his students More “Not Gay” Sex ▪ Findings from the National Survey of Family Growth ▪Found that a little over 1% of straight-identified men (between 15-44) reported having sexual relations with at least one man = 689,000 men ▪This number is likely larger due to social stigma ▪ In 1992 the Los Angeles Police Department conducted a survey of men arrested for lewd conduct in parks ▪Found around half of the sample were married to women, only 55% reported using protection, 5% said they were HIV positive ▪ Homosexual behavior in Hell's Angels (the world's most famous biker gang) ▪Known for their hyper-masculine image  ▪The gangs rebelled against rigid social norms by kissing each other in public Sexuality: Wrap-up ▪ Cisgender: When an individual's gender identity aligns with their sex assigned at birth ▪ Transgender: Refers to individuals whose gender identity does not match their sex at birth ▪ Nonbinary: When someone's gender falls outside of the gender binary ▪ Hegemonic masculinity: The impossible standards of what masculinity "should" be ▪ Important sexuality research has allowed us to understand more about humans and their behavior, beliefs, and assumptions Week 13 Social Movements (Monday) Social Movements ▪ Social movements: The collective efforts of groups with the goal of social change ▪ Understood as any persistent, organized, and collective effort aimed at resisting existing social structures ▪Can occur at a local, national, or global level ▪ Social movements are not only a crowd of people forming because a crowd does not contain organizational and motivational mechanisms capable of sustaining membership ▪ Moreover, crowds generally are not capable of achieving communication and coordination of activity over a wide area (e.g., a state or entire nation) ▪ As such, social movements involve a mixture of organization and spontaneity ▪ There is usually one or more organizations that give identity, leadership, and coordination to the social movement – though membership in the movement does not have to be tied to the organization(s) Characteristics of Social Movements ▪ Brings individuals with a similar goal together ▪ Has the potential to bring social change in a society ▪ Expressions of the unequal treatment of different groups ▪ Have some degree of organization ▪ Have certain goals in mind Social Movement Examples ▪ Arab Spring ▪ Occupy Wallstreet ▪ Indigenous land rights movement ▪ Animal rights movement ▪ #StoptheSteal ▪ March for our Lives ▪ Labor movements ▪ LGBTQ+ movements ▪ Civil Rights movement ▪ Women's Rights movement ▪#MeToo movement ▪Pro-life vs. Pro-choice movements ▪Sex-positive movements ▪ Environmental movements ▪ MADD (mothers against drunk driving) Types of Social Movements ▪ Not all social movements are the same ▪ There are patterns and classifications that help us categorize social movements ▪ Sociologist David Aberle (1966) developed categories that distinguish among social movements by considering 1) what it is the movement wants to change and 2) how much change they want ▪ He came up with four distinct categories Alternative movements Focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behaviors ▪Ex: Alcoholics Anonymous, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), Planned Parenthood Redemptive movements Are "meaning seeking" and focused on a specific segment of the population with the goal of provoking inner change or spiritual growth in individuals ▪Ex. Certain sects Reformative movements Aimed at reforming or changing current structures in society ▪Ex: Reforming police forces by implementing racial bias workshops or pushing for body cameras, "Buy Nothing Day", The Women's Suffrage movement Revolutionary movements Seek to completely change or overthrow every aspect of society in a dramatic way ▪Ex: Abolish the police, the Civil Right's movement Other Categorizations ▪ Other categories that are helpful for sociologists to describe and distinguish between types of social movements include: ▪Scope: A movement can either be reform (advocating for change in norms or laws) or radical (dedicated to completely changing the system) ▪Type of change: A movement might seek change that is ether innovative (introducing change) or conservative (preserving existing norms and values) ▪Range: Global movements have transnational objectives, local movements are focused on regional objectives Saul D. Alinsky ▪ Saul D. Alinsky was an American community activist and political theorist ▪ Born and raised in Chicago, he spent his childhood and adolescent years emersed in the rapidly growing city ▪ He studied at the University of Chicago under famous criminologists Ernest Burgess and Robert E. Park ▪ Through their teachings Alinsky came to understand crime as a result of the environment rather than an individual phenomenon ▪ In graduate school Alinsky was a nonparticipant observer of Al Capone's mob ▪ As a budding criminologist, Alinsky was disheartened by what he thought were the major contributors of crime: Racial discrimination, poor housing, and unemployment ▪ By 1938, Alinsky had quit his job and became a full-time political activist ▪ Alinsky believed that the organizing skills he learned from "the worst slums and ghettos" could also be successful among other populations ▪ In 1940, supported by the Roman Catholic Bishop Bernard James Sheil and Chicago Sun- Times publisher, Alinsky founded the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) which was a national community organizing network Rules for Radicals ▪ Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals is ▪ Alinsky employed his years of expertise from decades (1939 – 1970) of community organizing to write the blueprint of a community organizer ▪ Interestingly, the book was written before the social movement boom of the 1970s ▪ Alinsky's principles have been applied by numerous government, labor, community, and congregation-based organizations ▪ For Alinsky, organizing is the process of highlighting what is wrong and convincing people they can actually do something about it ▪ If individuals feel like they don't have the power to change a bad situation, they give up ▪ Through a process of hope/resentment, the organizer attempts to create a "mass army" that brings in as many recruits as possible ▪ Alinsky offers 12 rules that help guide the process – though he emphasizes that the rules are fluid and must relate to the specific context at hand The Rules ▪Power is not only what you have but what the enemy thinks you have ▪Never go outside the experience of your people ▪Whenever possible go outside the experience of the enemy ▪Make the enemy live up to its own book of rules ▪Ridicule is man's most potent weapon. There is no defense. It is almost to counterattack ridicule. Also it infuriates the opposition, who then react to your advantage ▪A good tactic is one your people enjoy ▪Keep the pressure on ▪The threat is usually more terrifying than the thing itself ▪The major premise for tactics is the development of operations that will maintain a constant pressure upon the opposition ▪ If you push negative, hard, and deep enough, it will break through into its counter side; this is based on the principle that every positive has its negative ▪ The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative ▪Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it Mothers Against Drunk Driving ▪ Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is a social movement that aims to stop driving under the influence ▪ According to MADD "The mission of MADD is to end drunk driving, help fight drugged driving, support the victims of these violent crimes and prevent underage drinking." ▪ MADD advocates for strict policy in a number of different areas including an illegal blood alcohol content of 0.08% or lower and using stronger sanctions for DUI offenders including mandatory jail sentences, treatment for alcoholism, ignition interlock devices and license suspensions History ▪ On May 3rd, 1980, Carime Lightner a 13-year-old girl was killed by a drunken hit-and-run driver ▪ The 46-year-old driver had recently been arrested for another DUI hit-and-run ▪ Carime's mother Candace organized Mothers Against Drunk Driving in response ▪ The group lobbied for the 1984 federal law making the purchase and possession of alcohol to 21 ▪ In 1994 the movement was voted the "most popular charity/non-profit in America" Social Movement Success ▪Need to look at a few things: ▪ What is the protest about? ▪ What are the goals? ▪ Does the government agree with the social movement? ▪ How many people are involved in the movement? ▪ Ex. One person doesn't have much say against a government or organization, but more people hold more power Social Movement Wrap-up ▪ Social movements: The collective efforts of groups with the goal of social change ▪Brings people together with the goal of social change ▪ Different types of movements: Resistance, reform, revolutionary, and expressive ▪ Success for a social movement depends on the goals Week 13 Protect Tactics (Wednesday) Protest Tactics ▪ Protest tactics: Methods used by social movements to call attention to issues ▪ Tactics used by movements are important to how successful the movement is ▪ Range in severity ▪ Can be thought of on a spectrum from conventional (non-violent) to disruptive (violent) Conventional Tactics ▪Examples: ▪ Marches, rallies, or vigils ▪ Petitions ▪Circulating information online ▪ Sit-ins ▪Boycotts ▪ Walk-outs and strikes (refusing to work) ▪ Artistic protest ▪ Examples: Protest songs, murals Disruptive Tactics ▪ Goal: To disrupt the normal state of affairs enough that people in power will feel pressure to give into the demands ▪Examples: ▪ Blocking traffic ▪ Destruction of property ▪ Looting and rioting ▪ Chaining one's body to a structure, building or tree ▪Hunger strikes Berkley Oak Grove Dispute ▪ The University of California, Berkeley oak grove controversy arose over the planned removal of a grove of oak trees for the construction of a new student athletic training center ▪ The grove consisted of over 90 trees – some hundreds of years old ▪ It is illegal to cut down mature coast live oaks in the city of Berkeley ▪However, the University claimed that its property belongs to the state and is therefore not covered in the city's jurisdiction ▪ The University's actions sparked three lawsuits and a tree sit-in that lasted for two years Prison Strikes ▪ Prison strikes: Non-violent protest tactic that involves a group of prisoners working together to change prison conditions ▪Can include work stoppages, sit-ins, spending boycotts, and hunger strikes ▪ Aim to raise awareness of not only the horrific conditions throughout the American prison system but the broader injustices that have led to our current system of mass incarceration ▪Demands usually include properly funding rehabilitation, addressing racism and other unequal treatment, and improving prison conditions Alabama Prison Strike ▪ September 2022 thousands of inmates in Alabama prisons went on strike protesting their inhumane conditions ▪ The Alabama Department of Corrections had been under federal investigation since 2016 ▪ Conditions in the prisons are among the deadliest in the entire country ▪ Alabama prisons experienced overcrowding, abuse, neglect, stabbings, gang-rape, rat infestation, and a severe drug epidemic Alabama Prison Conditions ▪ Alabama incarcerates individuals at a higher rate than almost any other state in the country – 39% higher than the national average ▪ This leads to over-crowding and under-staffing, which ultimately leads to neglect ▪ Alabama prisons have a mortality rate of more than twice of the national average ▪ Alabama inmates also had among the highest COVID-19 death rates Strikers Demands ▪ The strikers have multiple demands, including: ▪Eliminating life-without-parole sentences ▪Repealing Alabama's Habitual Felony Offender Act which mandates longer sentences for those with prior convictions  ▪Establishing parole criteria ▪Reducing the 30-year minimum for juveniles to no more than 15 years ▪Creating a review board to oversee the Alabama Bureau of Pardons and Paroles Self-Immolation (Most Disruptive Protest Tactic) ▪ Self-immolation: The act of lighting oneself on fire for a social cause ▪ Understood as the most extreme form of protest ▪Usually employed as a last-ditch effort to gain awareness ▪ The most famous case was from the monk Thich Quang Duc in 1963 ▪ In protest of the treatment of monks in South Vietnam Buddhist Crisis ▪ The Buddhist crisis was a period of political and religious tension between May and November 1963 ▪ Characterized by a series of extreme repressive acts by the South Vietnamese government ▪ Though the population was made up of 70-90% Buddhists, the President Ngo Dinh Diem was staunchly Roman Catholic ▪ A rarely enforced law was invoked in May 1963 that prohibited the display of religious flags which disallowed the flying of the Buddhist flag on the birthday of Gautama Buddha (the most important religious festival of the year) Thich Quang Duc ▪ Thich Quang Duc was a Vietnamese Buddhist monk ▪ Protesting the treatment of Buddhists, Quang Duc self-immolated at a busy Saigon road June 1963 ▪ Photographs of his self-immolation circulated around the world ▪The photographer won World Press photo of the year ▪ This drew global attention to the policies of the Diem government ▪A crisis ensued until a US-backed coup toppled Diem who was later assassinated Tibet ▪ Since 2008, over 150 Tibetans set have themselves on fire to protest the Chinese government ▪ 125 have died ▪ Many were parents who left behind children ▪ Most were Buddhists or nuns, 26 of them were children ▪ This marks the largest scale of self-immolation as a protest tactic Dalai Lama ▪ The best-known living Buddhist figure in the world ▪Spiritual leader respected for his advocacy of peace and freedom ▪Currently the 6th most admired man in America ▪ After an unsuccessful revolt against the Chinese occupation in 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to India ▪Hoped his exhale would be temporary, but the tensions from China have made his return to Tibet impossible American Self Immolation ▪ Wynn Alan Bruce: 50-year-old climate change activist ▪ Self-immolated in front of the United States Supreme Court on Earth Day 2022 ▪ Protesting the inaction of the American government on climate change ▪ Believed it might inspire society to work against climate change ▪ Aaron Bushnell: 25-year-old serviceman in the United Staes Airforce ▪ Self-immolated outside of the front gate of the Embassy of Israel in Washington DC ▪ Immediately before the act he live-streamed saying he was protesting "what people have been experiencing in Palestine at the hands of their colonizers." ▪ As he was burning he repeated "Free Palestine!" Protect Tactics: Wrap-up ▪ Protest tactics are important to the success or failure of a social movement ▪ Range in severity ▪ Non-violent tactics: Petitions, marches, boycotts ▪ Disruptive tactics: Riots, blocking traffic, self-immolation ▪ The most extreme form of protest: Self-immolation Week 14 Intersectionality Sociological Imagination ▪ The sociological imaginations allows us to see how our own circumstances are shaped by the broader society ▪ But perhaps more importantly, it allows us to see how others are impacted by things outside of their control ▪ The problems we assume we are ours alone are really experienced by many other people ▪ Mills argues that once we have our sociological imagination, everything will now be understood through that lens What is intersectionality? ▪ We each have our gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, ability level, and many more ▪ Intersectionality refers to the fact that everyone experiences a unique level of discrimination and privilege based on their different identities ▪ Our intersecting identities can complicate how we're supposed to act ▪ Ex. One identity might have conflicting expectations with another Identify Markers ▪ Scholar Helma Lutz studied identity and intersectionality to understand agency ▪ She formulated 14 "basic dualisms" which were identity markers that were binary ▪Ex. Gender, sexuality, age, north/south ▪ This categorization should make identity more understandable, but 14 dualisms also yields 16,384 unique locations Intersectionality ▪ Social categories interact with one another to create unique social locations that vary according to the context ▪ Intersectionality examines the ways in which experiences and discrimination are compounded by individual's experiences in multiple marginalized categories ▪Ex. A Hispanic lesbian woman experiences intersecting levels of oppression ▪But if this woman is in the upper class and is fully physically and intellectually capable, she is privileged in those realms History ▪ Kimberle Crenshaw coined the term 'intersectionality' in 1989, but many others have had similar thoughts before that ▪ After the American Revolution against Great Britian ▪ Sojourner Truth – Was born into slavery and after the end of slavery became a well- known anti-slavery speaker ▪ Delivered her famous speech 'Ain't I a Woman?' At the 1851 Women's Rights Convention ▪ She urged the Women's Suffrage movement to include women from all races and backgrounds Intersectionaltiy and Power ▪ Power operates on multiple levels ▪ Power is relational – an individual can simultaneously experience both privilege and oppression ▪ Intersectionality examines the way that gender, race, class, and sexuality work together to create inequality ▪Form "interlocking systems of oppression" Types of Intersectionality ▪ Individual: Different identities individuals hold ▪Looks at how these identities lead to different benefits/drawbacks for the individual ▪ Group: The advantages and disadvantages afforded to certain groups in society ▪Ex: The deaf community ▪ Structural (macro): How the structures of society benefit or disadvantage individuals and groups ▪Ex: Buildings are often built without considering accessibility for individuals using wheelchairs Intersectionality in Social Movement ▪ While we tend to think of social movements pushing for single issues, there is a long history of activists urging for intersectionality within social movements ▪Ex. Martin Luther King Jr. ▪We think of him as a champion of Black rights ▪He explicitly warned about the intersecting evils of militarism, capitalism and racism ▪Ex. The sexual revolution in the 1960s and 70s ▪We think of it as being about revolutionizing sex, sexuality, and gender ▪It was actually largely influenced by the anti-war movement ▪ After the killing of George Floyd, eco-influencer Leah Thomas ('green girl Leah') made a call for the environmental movement to stand beside the Black Lives Matter movement ▪ Formed the group Intersectional Environmentalist ▪Mission: "We seek to bridge the understanding gap and provide accessible educational resources for those who want to learn... We are also movement connectors, leading people to initiatives and organizations they can support in their local community." ▪https://www.intersectionalenvironmentalist.com/tool-kits ▪ Since then, green initiatives have joined with low-income movements, feminist movements, and union initiatives Using Intersectionality ▪ Sociologists who employ an intersectional approach are intentional in how they collect data, talk about identity, and explore possible solutions ▪ Social power relations are at the core of intersectionality ▪Instead of using gender, race, and social class as individual categories, intersectionality would be interested in the construction of those categories and the relations between them ▪ Also urges researchers to reflect on their position as researchers, and how their identities, backgrounds, and implicit biases can play a large part in their outcomes Banning Plastic Straws (Intersectional Approach) ▪ An intersectional approach points to how this might be ableist because it ignores those who might need such a tool to eat ▪ Not everyone is able to pick up a glass ▪Metal (it's too hard) or paper (it disintegrates quickly) may not be a suitable alternatives for certain people ▪ It could also be considered elitist (based on class) because lower class individuals might not have access to reusable straws The Gender Pay Gap ▪ When we consider only gender, we miss the full picture ▪ In the US, Black women make just 67 cents for every dollar a White non-Hispanic man does ▪ According to the National Women's Law Center, the pay gap costs Black women more than $907,680 over a 40-year career ▪ Within the Asian American or Pacific Islander group, multiracial Asian women earn 98 cents per dollar, but "Asian women" earn $1.01 for every dollar Intersectionality Wrap-up ▪ Intersectionality: The understanding that we each have certain privileges and disadvantages based on our multiple identities ▪ Popularized in 1989 by Kimberle Crenshaw, but has been used throughout history ▪ Intersectionality can be at the individual, group, or structural level ▪ Organizations like the Intersectional Environmentalist aim to connect various social movements in the fight for social justice