Social Science LQ1 Reviewer PDF

Social Science LQ1 Reviewer Q: Can we opt out of politics? Key Words Laymen’s Meaning Example in the...

Social Science LQ1 Reviewer Q: Can we opt out of politics? Key Words Laymen’s Meaning Example in the A: No! We can’t opt out of politics. by ® efptozlped government → Man is a political animal; however, politics rather is one | Contents: of the key pursuits that separates man from other animals Activity something that has been response to covid-19 P.1 What is Politics done/requires effort and pandemic Q: Why should we be interested in Politics? P.2 Difference between Power and Authority energy A: We should be interested in politics not because we want P.3 Elements of a State P.4 Difference between Government and State to run as politicians but we need to understand, contribute, P.5 Theories of Power | Different conflict of ideas different people from and change our world for the better interests /perspectives/ origin etc all over the country → by Sir Masoy Sapio P.1 What is Politics Given unit a place or area where republic of the SD(s): of rule someone has authority philippines/local Decision-making is the heart and soul of politics. Greek political philosopher Aristotle was the first to use the and power government units Being able to participate in different issues in the term ‘politics’. → The term “Politics” is derived from the Greek country whether political, social, or economic Conciliated to reconcile/to make an to accept/to appease through protests or in any medium to gain word ‘Polis’ which means ‘city – state’. agreement something, is an exercise of Politics Politics Definition(s): Political Science aims to educate and develop the Munroe, 2002 Giving decision-making/can be in law/bayanihan to citizenry, the values of civic and political → “Politics is not just about government and its structure, a form of law/policy/rule heal as one consciousness rather the process of decision-making” A share in distribution of power can ayudas/medical Learning about politics prepares you to: Montiel, n.d. power be in any form / money, benefits to frontliners 1. think more clearly about oneself and one's relationship → “Politics includes production, distribution, and services with others decision-making” 2. be more careful in one's judgments of the unfamiliar In to make parts harmonious depending on 3. be more tolerant of diverse opinions thrown in one’s path Harrop & Mccormick, 2019 proportion with respect socio-economic → “The process of resolving conflicts and deciding, more status, risks Summary !! specifically, the struggle over power or influence within Politics has no fixed Decision-making is the heart organizations or informal groups which can grant benefits Welfare good state of well-being to survive the definition! and soul of politics or privileges” pandemic We can't opt out of politics! We must be interested in Crick, 1964, p. 21 Whole everyone the entire family, politics to change our world → “Politics is the activity by which differing interests Community barangay, country for the better. within a given unit of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion to their importance to the welfare and survival of the whole community” ↑ This on a personal level: 1. asking for allowance, asking permission for field Politics according to Harold Laswell: trips who gets, what, when, and how 2. parents interest, family interest, personal interest 3. family, school, community Politics has no fixed definition 4. to appease, to agree upon → The definition of the politics depends on the 5. decision-making/can be in a form of context, the philosophers, scholars and 6. law/policy/rule academicians who (everyone) has their own way 7. money, resources of defining what politics is 8. subjective, parents perspective 9. for the welfare of children 10. everyone ® efptozlped  P.2 Difference between Power and Authority Summary !! P.3 Elements of a State Power is the ability of one person or group to exercise SN: What makes politics alive is POWER and along with it is influence and control over others Montevideo Convention one's AUTHORITY to actualize such ability to exercise The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of influence and control over others States is a treaty signed at the Seventh International Power is compelling Conference of American States in Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1993. It sets out the definition and rights of Power Authority Money, intelligence, fame and connections are sources of statehood under international law. power Definition Power is the ability of Authority is the right Montevideo Convention, Article 1 one person or group to and power of Authority is the right and power of government to The state is a political entity with a defined territory, a exercise influence and government to enforce enforce its decisions and compel obedience permanent population, a functional government, and is control over others. It is its decisions and compel sovereign. the political resource obedience. Such exist Authority is power exercised within the confines of that enables rulers both when subordinates established procedures, traditions, practices, ideology, 5 Elements of the State to serve and to exploit accept the capacity of and laws 1. Defined Territory their subjects superiors to give 2. Permanent Population legitimate orders 3. Functional Government Power → The ability to influence or control the behavior of others 4. Sovereignty Sources: (5. International Recognition) Compelling Yes, because it forces a No, ideally authority Force: The ability to use physical or military person or group of happens where people Defined Territory power to compel obedience. persons to alter their accept the right of one → A state must have clearly defined geographical Money: The use of financial resources to control behavior or to do what person in telling them boundaries. This territory is recognized as the physical or influence others. they would not do what to do thus only space that belongs to the state, encompassing land, air, and State Action: The use of government laws and otherwise authority expects maritime boundaries. regulations to enforce power. obedience Social Norms: The unwritten rules and expectations that guide behavior within a society. Permanent Population SD: Authority is a form of Power Ideas: The power of beliefs, values, and → Refers to a group of people who reside in a particular → however, one exercises this power within the confines of knowledge to shape thought and action. territory on a long-term, ongoing basis. established procedures, traditions, practices, ideology, and → While not explicitly required by the Montevideo laws. Authority Convention, most States organize their permanent → Means to actualize the ability to control others population through systems of citizenship or nationality. Q: If you have power does it mean that you have authority? → Recognized and legitimate right to exercise power These legal frameworks define who is recognized as a A: No, because authority requires legitimate procedure that → Determines the rules of the game member of the state and who is entitled to its protection are acceptable to the people → 3 Types of authority: and services. Traditional authority — based on established Q: If you have authority does it mean that you have power? customs, practices, and long-standing traditions. Q: About the Refugee Crisis in Syria, can they still be A: Yes, because authority is a form of power exercised It is often inherited and legitimized by the considered as a state with a permanent population? within established procedures. continuity of the social structure A: No, refugees, by definition, are people who have been Charismatic authority — personal qualities, forced to flee their home country due to persecution, charm, or extraordinary leadership abilities of an conflict, violence, or human rights violations. They usually individual do not have control over a defined territory, do not have a Legal-Rational authority — based on formal stable environment, and do not engage in relations with rules, laws, and procedures other states as an independent entity. Instead, they remain under the jurisdiction and protection of their host country or international organizations like the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ® efptozlped Functional Government Is Taiwan a state? Both ROC and PRC claimed that they are the real China → Refers to a political authority that effectively exercises Context: control over its territory and population, enforces laws, → Taiwan first appeared in Chinese records during the maintains order, provides public services, and manages the Zhou Dynasty. The emperor had send an expedition and the state’s resources and foreign relations. explorer spotted and island, we now called Taiwan → Isla formosa Types of Government → Taiwan became a Dutch colony, Portuguese sailors called Taiwan “Isla Democracy rule by the people Formosa” meaning beautiful island. → The Dutch rule lasted from 1624 to Monarchy supreme authority is 1661 vested on the kings or → Japan lost the second world war. Therefore, Taiwan was queens freed and China was on the winning side Oligarchy rule by the ‘few’ The Republic of China (ROC) — Taiwan → China finally established their first government Authoritarianism power is concentrated in → It was rules by Chiang Kai-Shek, he led a Nationalist the hands of a signle Party called Kuomintang leader or a small elite → The ROC was a total mess, it led a military dictatorship. → Chiang Kai Shek led China with an Iron Fist, under him The Legal Status of Taiwan Totalitarianism the government seeks to was unrest, unhappiness, and civil war. → The government of Taiwan still operates under the name control nearly every aspect “Republic of China,” and it views itself as the legitimate of public and private life People’s Republic of China (PRC) — China government of all of China. → Communist leader Mao Zedong became popular → The PRC declared the ‘One China Policy’: one china with Theocracy religious leaders or → His Red Army fought Chiang Kai Shek’s Party two systems. However, Taiwan (ROC) does not accept it. religious law guide the → Hard to Reconcile: China (PRC) is communist, Taiwan state’s policies A map illustrating how the PRC’s Red Army slowly overtook (ROC) is democratic the ROC Sovereignty Q: Is Taiwan a State? → the word “sovereignty” means supreme and the final A: De facto or In practice, Taiwan is a state. Legally, it is not. legal authority above and beyond which no legal power According to the Montevideo Convention criteria for exists statehood, Taiwan can be considered a state. However, it → has two aspects: has not achieved broad international recognition. To be 1. Internal Sovereignty considered a country it today’s global political sphere, a → means that the state is supreme over all its territory typically needs diplomatic recognitipn by citizens, and associations two-thirds of the 193 United Nations member states, 2. External Sovereignty including all five permanent members of the UN Security → means that the state is independent and free Council. Taiwan is currently recognized by only 12 States. from foreign or outside control SD: de jure designates what the law says, while de facto International Recognition designates what actually happens in practice. → A state is recognized by other states and international organizations as a legitimate entity ® efptozlped P.4 Difference between a State and Government government to govern. In essence, the state provides the State Government foundation for the government to operate. State Definition A political entity The governing → International law concept Anarchy is the term used to describe a state without a with a defined body of a state, functional government. In such a state, there is no central → A community of persons more or less territory, responsible for numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of authority to enforce laws or provide essential services. population, and making and territory, having a government of their own to which the sovereignty, enforcing laws, great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying A Failed State is a nation where the government has lost capable of providing control over a significant portion of its territory or is unable freedom from external control governing itself. services, and → According to Justice Isagani Cruz in “Philippine to provide basic services to its citizens. These states often representing the experience widespread violence, lawlessness, and economic Political Law”, he defined state as a group of people living state together in a definite territory under an independent collapse. internationally. government organized for political ends and capable of entering international relations. Extensively, it is an A state is the A government is international entity endowed with personality and is Relationship foundation for a a part of a state. composed of people that are occupying a definite portion of government. the Earth and had a government of its own that is free from control both in the domestic and international sphere. Example The United The U.S. States, France government, the Government French → Refers to the agency through which the will of the state government is formulated, expressed, and carried out and no form of government is prescribed, provided only that the government can represent the State in its dealings with Existence A state can exist A government other States. without a formal cannot exist → The word is sometimes used to refer to government without a state. the person or aggregate of those persons in whose hands are (e.g., during placed for the time being the function of the political periods of control. This “body of men” is usually spoken as anarchy). “administration”. → The ordinary citizens of a country are a Can a State Exist Without a Government? part of the state but are not part of the government Yes, a state can exist without a formal government. While the traditional definition of a state includes a government, historical and contemporary examples demonstrate that it's possible. For instance, during periods of anarchy, civil war, or revolution, states may temporarily lack a central authority. Additionally, stateless nations, such as the Kurds, and micronations, often operate without formal governments. However, it's important to note that a state without a government can face significant challenges, as there is no central authority to provide security, enforce laws, or deliver essential services. Can a Government Exist Without a State? No, a government cannot exist without a state. A government is the governing body of a state, responsible for making and enforcing laws, providing services, and representing the state internationally. Without a state, there is no territory, population, or sovereign entity for the ® efptozlped P.5 Theories of Power Feminist Theory 2. National Interest: Realists believe that states prioritize → Seeks to understand and address inequality between the their own national interests, which may include economic Recap: Power is the ability to exercise influence and control sexes. prosperity, military security, and political influence. During over others. → Explores the ways in which gender influences social World War II, each nation involved pursued its own structures, political relations, and individual experiences, interests. For example, the United States entered the war → Why we need to study theories aiming to challenge and change the systemic inequalities primarily to protect its economic interests in the Pacific and 1. Predict facts and behavior faced by women to prevent the Axis powers from dominating Europe. 2. Shapes our thought process 3. Helps to understand what is actually happening State-Centered Theory 3. Balance of Power: Realists often advocate for a balance surrounding us and throughout the world → It argues that states pursue at upholding its own interest, of power among states to prevent any single nation from independent of other interests and the public it serves. becoming too dominant. The formation of the Allied → Theories of Power These theories are distinct in such a way that the State is coalition was a strategic response to the growing power of 1. Pluralist Theory Extremely Powerful, and that it is only through the Axis powers, aiming to restore a balance of power in the 2. Elitist Theory understanding the aspirations and needs of those who international system. 3. Marxist Theory comprise the State they can realize political decisions 4. Feminist Theory 4. Diplomacy and Force: Realists recognize that 5. State-centered Theory diplomacy can be a tool to achieve national interests, but they also acknowledge that the use of force may be Pluralist Theory necessary in certain circumstances. During World War II, → Pluralism believes that diversity is beneficial to society both diplomacy and military force were employed by and that autonomy should be enjoyed by various groups in various nations. For instance, the Allied powers used the society diplomacy to form a united front against the Axis powers, while they also engaged in extensive military operations to Elitist Theory defeat their enemies. → Power is concentrated in the hands of a small elite that dominates political decision making and outcomes → Conclusion Realism, a theory in international relations emphasizing Critiques of Elitist and Pluralist Theory power and national interest, was evident in World War II. The conflict was marked by a struggle for power among Elitist Pluralist states seeking to ensure their survival and security in an Conclusion: “Effective leaders are willing to use power and authority, anarchic international system. National interests drove the Generates Inequeality Generates Elites and they’re doing it in the service of the collective good, as actions of each nation, with diplomacy and force used to opposed to self- aggrandizement.” achieve these goals. The formation of the Allied coalition Undermines Individual Powerful Interest Groups aimed to restore a balance of power, reflecting the realist Rights Realism and World War II principle of preventing any single state from becoming too → Realism, a theory in international relations that dominant. Political Disengagement Money in Politics emphasizes the importance of power and national interest in shaping global politics, was significantly applied during Anarchic meaning: lawless, disorganized, chaotic Marxist Theory World War II. Key aspects of realist theory that were evident → Analyzes the impact of the ruling class on the laborers, in the conflict include: leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in 1. Anarchy and Power Politics: Realists argue that the the society. international system is anarchic, meaning there is no → It stimulates the workers to protest the injustice overarching authority to enforce rules or laws. This leads to a power struggle among states as they seek to ensure their own survival and security. The Axis powers, led by Germany, Italy, and Japan, sought to expand their territories and influence through military aggression, while the Allied powers, including the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain, formed a coalition to counter their ambitions. ® efptozlped