Social Influence Notes PDF
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Hamilton College
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This document provides notes on personality theories, including Trait theories, Psychodynamic approaches, and Social Cognitive approaches. It also covers topics such as the Big Five Model of Personality and Psychoanalytic theories, along with Defense Mechanisms.
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Personality What is personality? Personality = patterns of thought and behavior that make a person react to certain situations in relatively consistent ways Categories of Theories I. Trait theories II. Psychodynamic approach III. Social-cognitive approach Trait Theories...
Personality What is personality? Personality = patterns of thought and behavior that make a person react to certain situations in relatively consistent ways Categories of Theories I. Trait theories II. Psychodynamic approach III. Social-cognitive approach Trait Theories Main purpose: describe individual differences Use quantitative methods Trait: stable predisposition to behave in a certain way ○ Surface: directly linked to behavior (e.g., talking a lot) ○ Source: most basic personality dimensions (e.g., extraversion) Trait Theories Big Five Model of Personality (Costa & McCrae, 1985) Well-documented across cultures, genders, and ages What are the five factors? Five Factor Model Openness (to experience) Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism ○ It’s an O C E A N of personality! Psychoanalytic Theories How do unconscious forces affect thoughts, feelings, and behavior Sigmund Freud ○ Parts of the mind: Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Id – source of instinctual energy, concerned only with immediate gratification, and entirely unconscious Superego – incorporates parental and societal standards for morality, opposes gratification of drives if violation of morality Ego – rational part of psyche that deals with reality, attempts to control id while satisfying social approval needs of superego Defense Mechanisms Repression/denial: block unacceptable impulses from awareness Displacement: shift impulses to a more acceptable/less threatening object Projection: attribute unacceptable impulses to someone/something else Regression: mentally retreating to an earlier period of life that is more pleasant Reaction Formation: overemphasize the opposite; express the impulse through its opposite Rationalization: deal with an impulse analytically to avoid feeling it Sublimation: turn unacceptable impulse into an admirable quality
