Soc101 Introduction to Globalization PDF

The International Banks for Reconstruction and SOC101 Development (IBRD) INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION ✓ The WORLD BAN...

The International Banks for Reconstruction and SOC101 Development (IBRD) INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION ✓ The WORLD BANK (WB) would provide loans for European reconstruction but later Globalization expanded its activities to the ➔ Globalization is a term used to describe the increasing developing world; connectedness and interdependence of world cultures and economies (National Geographic). ➔ Globalization is the process by which the world, previously ✓ The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade isolated through physical and technological distance, becomes (GATT) would oversee multilateral trade increasingly interconnected. agreements. For about 30 years, this system ➔ It is manifested by the increase in interaction between people remained in place and provided economic around the world that involves the sharing of ideas, cultures, stability and prosperity to Western nations. goods, services, economic, political, cultural, ideological, investment environmental and processes aided by information CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION technology. ➔ Cultural Globalization refers to the rapid transmission of ideas, ➔ Globalization is a set of social processes that lead to the social meanings, and values and cultural products across around the condition of globality, through the growing consciousness of world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. global connectivity. ➔ This process is marked by the common consumption of mono- ➔ There is no consensus on exactly what processes constitute cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture globalization, but common themes include the creation of media, and international travel, entertainment transnational networks, expansion of social relations, and the acceleration of marketing of particular brands and international tourism that social exchange. transcends local cultural traditions and lifestyles, and that shapes the perceptions, aspirations, tastes and everyday activities of ➔ Globalization refers to the integration of goods, services, and people wherever they may live in the world' culture among the nations of the world. We have been experiencing globalization since the days of MIGRATION European colonization. ➔ is an important aspect of cultural globalization. Advances in telecommunication and transportation ➔ This process has been going on for several centuries, with technologies accelerated globalization. languages, religious beliefs, and values being spread by military The Internet has made all nations next-door neighbors. conquest, missionary work, and trade. ➔ However, in the last 30 years, the process of cultural globalization GLOBALIZATION AND HISTORY: IS GLOBALIZATION A NEW has dramatically intensified due technological advances in both PHENOMENON? transportation and communications technology. ➔ The early modern period saw the birth of capitalism and regional markets. THE GLOBALIZATION OF FOOD ➔ The modern period saw the Industrial Revolution provide massive ➔ is one of the most obvious examples of cultural globalization advances in technology at the expense of the environment. ➔ Food consumption is an important aspect of culture and most ➔ The contemporary era is an era of convergence, with people societies around the world have diets that are unique to them, coming together through deregulated economic and ICT systems. however the cultural globalization of food has been promoted by fast food giants such as McDonald's, Coca-Cola and Starbucks. THREE COMPONENTS OF GLOBALIZATION ➔ The spread of these global food corporations has arguably led to Academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three the decline of local diets and eating traditions. major areas: 1. Economic globalization THE GLOBALIZATION OF SPORT 2. Cultural globalization 3. Political globalization ➔ is another fairly obvious example of cultural globalization ➔ Think of all the international sporting events that take place - most ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION notably the World Cup and The Olympics, and Formula 1, which ➔ It refers to the widespread international movement of goods, bind millions together in a shared, truly global, leisure experience" capital, services, technology and information. ➔ Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of: THE GLOBALIZATION OF VILLAGE/GLOBAL CONSCIOUSNESS ➔ Individuals and families are now more directly plugged into news Production Finance Markets Technology from the outside world - some of the most gripping events of the Organizational Regimes Institutions Corporations past decade have unfolded in real time in front of a global Labor audience. ➔ The economic globalization is one most often mentioned in the ➔ According to Giddens this means that more and more people have media. a more 'global outlook' and increasingly identify with a global ➔ It is associated with massive amounts of financial traded daily on audience for example, television reporting of natural disasters in the different stock markets around the label "NEW ECONOMY". developing countries result in people in wealthier countries donating money to charities such as Oxfam to assist with relief ➔ In order to monitor the economy, 3 economic institutions were efforts. Giddens developed the concept of *Cosmopolitanism' to created: describe this process of an emerging global identity. ✓ THE INTERNATIONAL MONITARY FUND (IMF) DETRADITIONALISATION - would oversee the international monetary ➔ In his classic 1999 text, Runaway World, Anthony Giddens argues system; that one consequence of globalization is detraditionalization where people question their traditional beliefs about religion, marriage, and gender roles and so on. GLOBAL RISKS/ GLOBAL RISK CONSCIOUSNESS ➔ Ulrich Beck (1992) argues that a fundamental feature of globalization is the development of a global risk consciousness, which emerges due to shared global problems which threaten people in multiple countries ➔ EXAMPLES: the threat of terrorism, international nuclear war the threat of global pandemics the rise of organized crime funded primarily through international drug trafficking the threat of planetary melt-down due to global warming. ➔ The cultural dimension of globalization' explores the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. ➔ Critics of cultural globalization claim that the world is being homogenized or 'Americanized' ➔ However, advocates say that globalization reinvigorates niche cultures instead of eliminating them. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION ➔ It refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity. ➔ It includes: 1.national governments, 2. their governmental and 3.intergovernmental organizations 4. government-independent elements of global civil society such as: a. international nongovernmental organizations b. social movement organizations. MAIN OBJECTIVES ARE: to maintain international peace and security and promoting human rights and global development. ➔ The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly and 51 founding countries. The UN is the world's largest intergovernmental organization which is based in New York.