Sociology Chapter 3-6 PDF

Chapter 3 ========= ### Socialization Socialization: The lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture. You learn culture ### Outcomes of socialization 3 outcomes/goals of socialization 1. Knowledge and Skills 2. Norms and Values 3. Develop sel...

Chapter 3 ========= ### Socialization Socialization: The lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture. You learn culture ### Outcomes of socialization 3 outcomes/goals of socialization 1. Knowledge and Skills 2. Norms and Values 3. Develop self and personality (who you are) ### Who are you? Self: self-awareness and self-image---a distinct identity that sets us apart from others. Personality: A person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling. Looking Glass Self: A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions. (Charles Horton Cooley) - The social object the individual comes to see herself or himself as because of interaction with others. - Self-image based on how we think other's see us. ### ### Who is in charge of socialization? - Agents of Socialization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ### Social Media: ***A New Agent?*** 2 competing Hypotheses ***Enhancement*** vs. ***Compensation*** [Erving Goffman] (Sociologist) ***Presentation of Self***: A person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others. ***Social Enhancement***: those who are popular offline further increase their popularity through online networking ### How are we different? 6 areas of differing socialization 1. Agents of socialization differ 2. More than listed agents 3. Social location 4. Generation cohort 5. Interaction with Agents 6. Nature vs. Nurture (Where did you get the intelligence) ### 2 Theoretical Explanations of Socialization Theoretical Explanations of socialization ***of Who you are*** 1. Freud = personality 2. Mead = self Freud - Basic Drives 1. Eros: life instinct 2. Thanatos: aggression - 3 parts of the personality 1. 2. 3. Mead - *2 parts of the self* 1. "I" = the biological part of the self-consisting of inborn impulses 2. - *3 stages of socialization (see figure 3.1 on page 81)* 1. [Preparatory Stage]: Pre-symbolic stage of self. 2. [Olay stage]: child acquires symbols and vocabulary. 3. Chapter 4 ========= ### Social interaction in everyday life - **[Social interaction]**: The process by which people act and react in relation to others. - **[Social structure]**: Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior - The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships ### How social interaction is structured - **[Status]**: A social position that a person holds - **[Status Set]**: All the statuses a person holds at a particular time - **[Ascribed Status]**: A social position that a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life - **[Achieved Status]**: A social position that a person assumes voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort. - **[Master Status]**: A status that has special importance for social identity of ten shaping a person's entire life. ### How social interaction is structured- how about roles - **[Role]**: Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. - **[Role Conflict]**: The situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more statuses held by the same person. - \--multiple statuses involved - **[Role Strain]**: The difficulty that arises when the same status imposes conflicting demands and expectations. - \--Just a single status involved Goode's strategies to reduce role strain and role conflict - 5 strategies to reduce role strain (Goode) 1\. **[Compartmentalization]**: segregate different and contradictory aspects of major life roles from one another 2\. **[Delegation]**: pass on some aspect of role set to subordinates (ex: use an assistant) 3\. **[Elimination]**: Pass on some aspects of role set to peers 4\. **[Extension]**: expand role set obligations in order to reduce involvement in difficult or strain-producing elements of role set. 5\. **[Establish barriers]**: produce block and requirement for individuals needing your time and energy The construction for social interaction - **[Social Construction of Reality]**: The process by which individual s creatively build reality through social interaction. - We are actively engaged in buildings social interaction! - **[Definition of situation]**: A person's perception of what is occurring. Our picture of reality. - **[Aligning Actions]**: Largely verbal efforts to create an "alignment" between the substance of social interaction, the self-conceptions of those involved, and the culture they share. ### Types of Aligning Actions 1. **[Motive Talk]** Telling others why you did something or intend to do something. 2. **[Disclaimer]** A verbal device people employ when they want to ward off the negative implications of an impending act. 3. **[Accounts ]** Someone who commits an unacceptable act is asked to explain it to the satisfaction of others. a. **[Excuses]**: acknowledge that a particular act is undesirable or wrong but deny that the individual was responsible for his or her conduct. b. **[Justification]**: the person accepts responsibility for the act but denies that it should be seen as undesirable or wrong. 4. **[Apology]** The person who commits the unacceptable act admits then expresses remorse for it. How to measure student's success(?) Chapter 6? ========== Groups and Organization ----------------------- ### What is **NOT** social group? - **[Category]**: people who have some status in common. - **[Aggregate]**: A number of people who are in the same place at the same time. (ex: people who are waiting for the bus) - **[Crowd]**: A loosely formed collection of people. Little bit identity and social interaction ### ### What is social group? - **[Social group]**: Tow or more people who identify with and interact with one another. (ex: class) ### Primary and Secondary Social groups - **[Primary groups]**: a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationship. (ex: family) - A group characterized by intimate, face to face association and cooperation - **[Secondary Group]**: A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity - A group characterized formal, impersonal associations in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. ### Who are you? Twenty-statements test- the test - Twenty-statements test- the test - Kuhn and McPartland's 1954 article in the American Sociological Review - "An Empirical Investigations of Self-Attitudes" - The answers on the TST measure the "SELF" 1. I am Japanese. B 2. I am exchanging student. B 3. I am female. B 4. I am introvert. C 5. I am book reader. C 6. I am bilingual. C 7. I am older sister. B 8. I am foreigner. B 9. I am movie lover. C 10. I am human. D A=0, B=5, C=4, D=1 - Collectively Exhaustive: Means that the set of values of a variable include all cases: every case falls into some theme or category. - Mutually Exclusive: Means that the values of a variable do not overlap- each case has only one value. 4 possible self-themes A. Physical characteristics (things you can measure) B. Social status C. Abstract characteristics (elements of personal traits) D. Global/ Vague characteristic Possible research questions - Does the "self" change over time? - Do other people have the same "picture" of me? - Differences of "self" across groups? Article in 2002 by Grace and Cramer in Social behavior and personality "Sense of self in the New millennium." What differences do Grace and Cramer find between females and males in the "self"? - Grace and Cramer conclude that: "There were NO gender differences in social self-description". "Category C is the most common category for females and males". Primary vs. secondary group --------------------------- ### Characteristics of the primary group 1. Quality of relationships Personal orientation Ex: family, close friends 2. Duration of relationships Usually, long term and intensive Ex: family reunion 3. Breadth of relationships Broad\--share many activities 4. Subjective perception of relationships As ends in themselves ### ### Characteristic of secondary groups Ex: class 1. Goal orientation impersonal 2. Duration of relationships Variable and often short-term 3. Breadth of relationships Narrow---involves a few specific activities 4. Subjective perception of relationships As means to an end ### Group leadership - **[Leader]**: a person who is able to influence the behavior of other members of a groups - Two times of group leaderships 1. **[Instrumental leaders]**: Group leaders who emphasize the completion of tasks (ex: 店長) 2. **[Expressive leaders]**: Group leaders who emphasize collective well-being. (ex: 秘書) - **[Transactional Leaders]**: Leaders who are concerned with the accomplishing the group's tasks, getting group members to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals. (ex: coach of sport team) - **[Transformational Leaders]**: Leaders who are able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing the nature of the group itself. (ex: church leader, business leader) ### ### 3 group leadership styles 1. **[Authoritarian]**: Focus on instrumental concerns, make decisions on their own, and demand strict compliance form subordinates. 2. **[Democratic]**: More expressive, include others in decisions. (involving people) 3. **[Laissez-Faire]**: Leaders downplay position and power allowing the group to function on its own. ### The power of group leaders - **[Power]**: ability to control and influence others. ### Types of Power 1. **[Reward power]**: the power to compensate others for compliance 2. **[Coercive power]**: the power to punish others for noncompliance 3. **[Legitimate power]**: the power formally granted to acknowledged leaders by their followers 4. **[Expert power]**: power that accrues to people because of their knowledge 5. **[Referent power]**: power that derives from the attraction followers feel toward their leaders. (ex: Chrisma) 6. **[Information power]**: the power that derives from persuasiveness. ### ### Types of Formal organization - **[Formal organization]**: Large, secondary groups organized to achieve specific goals. (ex: Utah state university, church organization) 3 types of formal organizations---Etzioni 1. **[Normative(voluntary)]**: Pursue goals that their members consider morally worthwhile, offering personal satisfaction, perhaps social prestige, but NO monetary reward. 2. **[Coercive]**: Enroll members involuntarily and subject them to punishment -total institutions. 3. **[Utilitarian]**: Pursue income, profit, and wage (ex: work?) ### Types of voluntary organizations (Tokufo) 1. **[Instrumental]**: Attain goals external to the organization, goals outside 2. **[Expressive]**: Concerned with the internal life and emotions of the members 3. **[Mixed]**: Combine instrumental and expressive concerns Exam: open Wednesday, no class on Friday