Intellectual Disability & Hearing Impairments PDF

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY & HEARING IMPAIRMENTS GROUP 3 What is Intellectual Disability? Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that begins during childhood.  It is a condition...

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY & HEARING IMPAIRMENTS GROUP 3 What is Intellectual Disability? Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that begins during childhood.  It is a condition where a person has a trouble in learning, thinking,and doing everyday activities.This can make things like understanding new information, solving problems and taking care of themselves harder.  ROSA’S LAW Rosa's Law, signed by President Obama in 2010, aimed to replace the terms "mental retardation" and "mentally retarded" in federal law with "intellectual disability" and "individual with an intellectual disability." This change was inspired by Rosa Marcellino, a girl with Down syndrome, whose family advocated for more respectful language following her being labeled as "retarded" at school.  DEFINITION RETARD originally comes from the latin word “Retardare” meaning too slow or delay. Over time the word retard became widely used as an insult implying that someone is slow and stupid which made it offensive and derogatory.  Brief History: First described by Dr. John Langdon Down in 1866, the genetic cause (an DOWN extra chromosome 21) was discovered in 1959. SYNDROME Definition: A genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome is a Prevalence: Affects about 1 in 700 live births worldwide. genetic condition Causes: Trisomy 21, where there is an extra caused by an extra chromosome 21 in cells. copy of Characteristics: Intellectual disabilities, distinct chromosome 21. facial features (almond-shaped eyes, flat nose), developmental delays, and heart issues.  Brief History: Discovered in the late 1940s, it’s linked to a mutation on the FMR1 gene. Fragile X Definition: A genetic condition causing Syndrome intellectual disability, particularly in males. Prevalence: Affects approximately 1 in 4,000 Fragile X Syndrome males and 1 in 8,000 females. is a genetic disorder Causes: A mutation or "fragile" section in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. caused by changes in the FMR1 gene. Characteristics: Intellectual disability, hyperactivity, anxiety, elongated face, large ears, and behavioral challenges.  Brief History: First described by Leo Kanner in 1943 and later expanded to include broader spectrum conditions. Autism Spectrum Definition: A developmental disorder that Disorder (ASD) affects communication, behavior, and social interaction. Autism Spectrum Prevalence: Affects 1 in 36 children globally. Disorder is a Causes: A combination of genetic and developmental disorder environmental factors; the exact cause is not that affects known. communication, social Characteristics: Difficulties in communication, interaction, and behavior. social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and sensitivity to sensory input.  Brief History: The link between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and birth Fetal Alcohol defects was first documented in 1973. Definition: A range of physical, mental, and Spectrum Disorder behavioral effects resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is a condition Prevalence: Estimated to affect 1-5% of that results from a children globally. mother drinking Causes: Alcohol exposure during pregnancy. alcohol during Characteristics: Growth deficiencies, facial pregnancy. abnormalities, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems.  Brief History: Identified in 1961 by Dr. J.C.P. Williams Williams. Definition: A rare genetic disorder caused by Syndrome the deletion of genes on chromosome 7. Prevalence: Affects about 1 in 10,000 people. Williams Syndrome Causes: Deletion of about 26-28 genes on is a rare genetic chromosome 7. disorder caused by Characteristics: Developmental delays, missing genes on cardiovascular issues, distinctive facial chromosome 7. features (wide mouth, full lips), and overly friendly personalities.  Brief History: The term was first used in the late 1800s by Dr. William Little, and its Cerebral causes were further studied by Sigmund Freud. Palsy Definition: A group of disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, and posture, often caused by brain damage before or during Cerebral Palsy is a birth. group of disorders Prevalence: Affects about 1 in 345 children. that affect Causes: Damage to the brain during fetal movement and development, birth, or early childhood. muscle control. Characteristics: Motor skill impairment, muscle stiffness or weakness, difficulty with coordination and posture. What is Hearing Impairment? Hearing impairments refer to any type of partial or total inability to hear. This can range from mild hearing loss, where it's hard to hear soft sounds, to complete deafness. Hearing impairments can be caused by genetics, aging, infections, noise exposure, or injuries.  Brief History: Conductive hearing loss has been studied since the 19th century with advances in audiology. Conductive Definition: A type of hearing loss caused by Hearing Loss problems in the outer or middle ear that prevent sound from reaching the inner ear. Conductive hearing Prevalence: Affects millions globally; often temporary. loss happens when Causes: Ear infections, blockages (e.g., sound cannot pass earwax), or damaged ear structures (e.g., through the outer or eardrum). middle ear to the Characteristics: Muffled hearing, difficulty inner ear. hearing soft sounds, and improvement with amplification.  Brief History: Linked to studies of inner ear structures in the 20th century. Sensorineural Definition: Hearing loss caused by Hearing Loss damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve. Sensorineural Prevalence: Affects about 48 million people in the U.S. alone. hearing loss occurs Causes: Aging, loud noise exposure, when there is infections, and genetic conditions. damage to the inner Characteristics: Permanent hearing ear (cochlea) or the loss, difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy environments. auditory nerve.  Mixed Hearing Loss Is when a person has both conductive hearing loss (problems with sound passing through the outer or middle ear) and sensorineural hearing loss (damage to the inner ear or hearing nerve). It means there's a mix of trouble with both hearing sound clearly and processing it. Prevalence: It’s common in older adults or those with chronic ear issues. History: Identified in the 20th century by audiologists. Causes: Ear infections, aging, loud noise, or head injuries. Characteristics: Difficulty hearing quiet sounds and understanding speech clearly.  Brief History: Linked to occupational hazards studied in the early 20th century. Noise-Induced Definition: Hearing loss resulting from Hearing Loss exposure to loud sounds over time. Prevalence: Affects millions of people, NIHL is caused by particularly those exposed to loud environments. prolonged exposure Causes: Prolonged or repeated exposure to to loud sounds, loud sounds, such as machinery or music. such as machinery Characteristics: Gradual hearing loss, or loud music. difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).  Brief History: First identified in the 19th century as a common Age-related condition in older adults. Hearing Loss Definition: Gradual hearing loss that occurs as people age. Prevalence: Affects about one-third Age-related hearing of people over 65. loss, or presbycusis, is Causes: Natural aging of the the gradual loss of auditory system. hearing as a person Characteristics: Difficulty hearing high frequencies, speech, and ages. It usually affects understanding conversations in noisy environments. both ears.  Characteristics: Fluctuating hearing, difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy Auditory Neuropathy environments.Brief History: Identified as a separate hearing disorder in the late 20th Spectrum Disorder century. Definition: A hearing disorder where sound ANSD is a hearing enters the ear normally but the signal isn’t disorder where the properly transmitted to the brain. inner ear can detect Prevalence: Relatively rare, accounting for up to 10% of children with permanent hearing sound, but the brain loss. has difficulty Causes: Damage to the inner hair cells of the processing it. cochlea or the auditory nerve. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!  REFERENCES ABC News. (n.d.). https://abcnews.go.com/ Wikipedia. (n.d.). Main page. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). 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