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Presley Ferry
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# Cellular Processes **Some information that you should especially be familiar with (and anything else that might relate to it):** **Heterotrophs:** - Are organisms that have to consume food (cannot make their own). - Examples: dogs, birds, fish. **Autotrophs:** - Are organisms that make their ow...
# Cellular Processes **Some information that you should especially be familiar with (and anything else that might relate to it):** **Heterotrophs:** - Are organisms that have to consume food (cannot make their own). - Examples: dogs, birds, fish. **Autotrophs:** - Are organisms that make their own food. - Examples: Plants, algae, plankton, bacteria. **Granum:** The collective term for the stack of thylakoids within the chloroplast of plant cells. **Thylakoid:** - Are chlorophyll sacs in chloroplasts. - Suspended in the stroma (of chloroplasts), interconnected membranous sacs are involved in light-dependent reactions. **Calvin Cycle:** - Is a light-dependent reaction that produces glucose. - A sugar factory in chloroplasts, uses $CO_2$ and ATP. **Lactic Acid Fermentation:** - Occurs when glucose is converted into lactic acid when there is insufficient oxygen. - Happens in human muscles. **Cellular Respiration:** - Occurs when glucose and oxygen turn into $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and ATP. - Aerobic when the process requires oxygen. - Examples: Plants, mosses, insects, mammals, some algae, bacteria. **Photosynthesis:** - Occurs when plants turn $CO_2$, sunlight, and water into glucose and oxygen, which provides food and energy. **Chloroplast:** - The light-absorbing organelles are the site of photosynthesis. - Mostly found in the interior of leaves. - Example: Cactus. **Glycolysis:** - The first step of cellular respiration. - A molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. **Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):** - Completes the breakdown of glucose. - Enzymes for the Krebs cycle are dissolved in the fluid within the mitochondria. **Alcohol Fermentation:** - A biological process that converts sugars (like glucose, fructose, and sucrose) into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. **You should know:** 1. What are electron carriers, and where do we find them in cellular respiration? _Electron carriers are molecules that transport electrons during cellular respiration._