Skeletal System PDF

Skeletal System By Dr.Sayed Jahin Lecturer of anatomy and embryology  Introduction Cartilage In order for a person to move, three organ systems must be united....

Skeletal System By Dr.Sayed Jahin Lecturer of anatomy and embryology  Introduction Cartilage In order for a person to move, three organ systems must be united. Bones They are: Ligaments 1- Skeletal system → Bonesor skeleton, cartilages, tendons, andligaments 2- Muscular system → Muscles → support & produce movements Joints 3- Articular system → Joints → supports and binds parts together. Tendons Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Muscle Cartilages ( flexible Muscle connective tissue) Tendon Ligaments (connective Bone tissues connect two bones together, particularly in the Ligament Cartilage joints) Cartilage Tendons (fibrous Ligament connective tissue that attaches Ligament Bone muscle to bone) Bone  The Bone Boneisrigidbodytissueconsisting of cells embedded in an abundant hardintercellular material. The twoprincipal components of this material, are thecollagenandcalciumphosphate. Types of bone 1-According to structure A-Compact bone: form hard layer B-Spongy bone form inner trabeculated layer 2-According to morphology(shape): Long, short, flat, irregular. 3-According to development : A-Membranous which develop in dense membranes B-Cartilage bone: develop in cartilaginous models  1- According To Structure 1- Compact bone (or cortical bone): Forms the hard external layer of o all bones o It provides protection and strength to bones. o It consists of units called osteons. o Each osteon enclose a central canal contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers 2- Spongy Bone (or cancellous bone) o It forms the inner layer of all bones. o It consists light, porous bone (having small holes) that give a spongy appearance. oThese holes or spaces are often filled with marrow and blood vessels.  2- According to morphology(shape): 1-Long Bone It consist of: 1-Proximal or upper end 2-Shaft; which contain the medullary cavity or marrow cavity where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow is stored. 3-Lower end or distal end Examples; humerus, femur, tibia. (most o upper and lower limbs)  Hand 2-Short Bones. o Generally cub shape o Equal length and width o These consist of cancellous tissue covered by a thin layer of compact bone. o Examples: Carpus of hand o Carpus of hand o Tarsus of foot. Tarsus of foot  3- Irregular bones Vertebra ❑ Vary in shape and structure and do not fit into any other category ❑ They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. ❑ For example, The vertebrae, of vertebral column. The hip bones Most of Bones of the skull Hip bone  4- Flat bones Cranium of the skull Sternum Flat bones are made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of Scapula compact bone. They have a flat shape Examples Cranium of the skull Sternu m Scapula  3- According to development: 1-Intramembranous ossification;– The bone develops from a fibrous connective tissue membrane. EX : The flat bones of the skull and the clavicles. 2-Endochondral ossification: The bone is developed first by the hyaline cartilage, then replaced by “bones”. Ex: All long bones of the body The Skeleton  Axial Skeleton (80 bones) Consist of 1- Skull bones 2- Vertebral Column Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum (1) Coccyx (1) 3- Thoracic Cage Sternum (1) Ribs (24)  The Skull The skullprotects The brain Entrances to respiratory system through nasal cavity Entrance to digestive system through oral cavity Protect the eye in the orbital cavity Contain the middle and inner ear The skull contains 22bones 8 cranial bones: named cranium 14 facial bones: Protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts  Cranium Of The Skull 2 2  Facial Bones ▪ Frontal bones ▪ Maxillary bones ▪ Mandible ▪ Nasal bones ▪ Vomer Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones The bones of the skull are separated by fibrous tissues joints called Sutures Vertebral column The vertebral column, also called the spine, spinal column or backbone. Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae. Length: about 71 cm in male & 61 cm in female. Total number of vertebrae is 33. 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5sacrum (fused ) 4coccyx (fused)  Thoracic Cage Consist of:- Thoracic vertebrae: 12 vertebrae Ribs: 12 pair of ribs Sternum Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage  Ribs Ribs 1-7 are attached to sternum (“true ribs”) 8-10 are attached to the cartilage of the 7th rib (“false ribs”) 11-12 are floating ribs  Sternum It consist of 3 parts: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Appendicular skeleton The Lower Limb appendicular 1.Pelvic girdle 2. Femur 3. Patella 4. Tibia 5. Fibula 6. Tarsals 7. Metatarsals 8. Phalanges  4--Which of the following bones belong to the axial Common questions skeleton: - 1-Which of the following bones belongs to the flat bones. a) Hand b) Sternum a)Hip bone c) Radius d)Femur b) Phalanges of fingers 5-One of the followings bones not included from bones of lower limb: - c) Sternum d) Radius a) Femur b)Radius c) Tibia d) Fibula e) Tarsals e) Ulna 2- Which of the following bones belongs to the long bones. a)Hip bone b)Carpal bones c) Sternum d) Radius 3-Which bone does belong to the irregular bones? a)Hip 6-The number of thoracic vertebrae is b) Phalanges a) 12 b) 7 c) Sternum c) 5 d) Radius d) 8 e) 11 7-Hollow spaces inside the bones of the skull 10-Ribs from 1-7 are attached to sternum and are called: surrounding the nasal cavity are: - a) Floating a) Orbit b) ribs True c) ribs False b) Paranasal sinuses d) ribs Long c)Oral cavity ribs d)Cranial bones e) Palatine bones 11-The vertebrae, of vertebral column is a type of which bone? a) Flat b) Long c) Short 8-The number of cervical vertebrae is a) 12 b) 7 c) 5 d) Irregular d) 8 12-One of the followings bones belongs to bones of upper e) 11 limb: - 9-The 11th and 12th ribs are called: a) Femur a) Floating ribs b)Ulna b) True ribs c) Tibia c) False ribs d) Long ribs d)Hip e) Rib cage e) Tarsals Thank you