Skilled Performance 3020 1-2 PDF

LEARNING OBJECTIVES the BASIC Components of human NS ·...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES the BASIC Components of human NS · Identify/describe · Differentiate betweenCellular Components of NS , and divisions of the NS Introduction to Motor Control Lecture What is MOTOR CONTROL ? Todays Involves ; SENSORY AFFERENCE - ↳ Movement Produced by COMPLEX Neural network < Intro to Nervous Activation and Coordination of muscles and limbs · Cortical Processing System ↳ mechanisms · MOTOR/ACTION - EFFERENCE NS ↳ REFLEXIVE/REACTIVE and Voluntary · Cellular Components of · Coordination CNS Organization & Components - · oPNS - Subdivisions the NS Nervous System has CENTRAL and PERIPHERDL Navigating · a components Course Brain & Spinal Cord overview · CNS-Central nervous System HUMAN MOTOR CONTROL o PNS-Peripheral nervous System Peripheral nervesa ganglia PROCESSING APPRO INFO o CNS + PNS BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOURIAL ↳ Separated anatomically PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE ↳ Functionally Interconnected Cellular Components of NS Central Nervous System (CNS) · 2 Major cell types NEURONS · Functional Classification 1. Neurons Consist of several main regions ; APPROX. SENSORY ↳ Has 4 SPINAL CORD ; structure · 5 Million 1 GREY MATTER : CEL-BODIES regions :.... Dorsel Horn-SENSORY NEURONS WHITE MATTER : NERVE FIBRES/ - DENTRITES (axons ascending and Ventral Horn MOTOR NEURONS Function ; Provide CNS Info about World TRACTS > - our - CELL BODIES Found in DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA , CELL BODY decending) > Dorsal lateral and anterior columns just outsideSpinal column , Myelinated White AXON > axons appear > Also Called 'AFFERENT' neurons FROM receptor in periphery (muscle joint skin) projecting , , to Cod PRESYNAPIC BOUTONS Connect' With motor neurons Interneurons and ASCEND to , higher brain Centres Cerebral Cortex. 2 BRAINSTEM /1 Midbrain).. Medulla , 2. Pons, 3. APPR100 thousand in CN Made up of MEDULLA , PONS and MIDBRAIN · MOTOR Cerebral , Function : Control MUSCLE CONTRACTION Cortex is deeply > MEDULLA : Extension of Spinal cord for the neck and head ; also Regulates Critical Convoluted (Folds) so it can Life Support Systems. > CELL BODIES in Spinal Cord-VENTRAL HORN Fit many NEURONS in theSame > PONS : Functions as a Connection (RELAY) between higher brain regions, > AlSO Called 'EFFERENT'Neurons volume. Cerebellum , and Spinal Cord. Spinal cordt puT-Sensoryneurons Interneurons in GYR(gyrus) bumps MIDBRA AUDITORY , : Convolution or : Control of (REFLEXNE) eye movements , as well as and USUN reflexa · INTERNEURONS SULCI (sulcus) : Valley between guri that 3. CEREBELLUM 4. THALHMUS (part of Diencephalon - Function : To RECEIVE multiple inputs Integrate these inputs , , appears as surface lines between-brain') and pass on processed' · vastly outnumber sensory signal to divergent locations and motor neurons FISSURE Very : deep sulcus. 5 CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES (FOREBRAIN Cerebral Cortex SUBDIVISIONS of Cerebral Cortex SENSORY info or · Made up of 4 lobes concerned with > Areas are processing OCCIPITAL LOBE ; TEMPORAL LOBE; MOTOR > known Commands as PRIMARY and SECONDARY (sensory or motor Vision Hearing Speech (Left , Smell Taste, , hemisphere) Visual Perception, dependent on complexity of signal processed areas PARIETAL LoBE ; Bodily (somatic) Sensation FRONTAL LOBE ; Movement, Planning Reasoning gorsomosenstexaizeddenine 2. , Spatial , mands processing PERIPHRALNERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) 2 Subdivisions - TERMS toNVG ?? TheseGas Sroundedbyeven higher * order regions the Ipsilateral vs 3 · Info to/from CNS about muscled limb position and 1. SOMATIC : external environment contralateral ↳ diverse Info for purposeful Integrate AUTONOMIC : For VISCERA , SMOOTH muscle and Planes action and are responsible for perception , 2. Nervous EXOCRINE System GLANDS Medial vs Lateral CHORIZONTAL movement and motivation o · SYMPATHETIC/PARASYMPATHETIC · Distal vs Proximal CORONAL SAGITTAL Summary : > Most motor behavioursInvolve sensory motor and motivational systems , > TheComponents and Types o- Neurons > How the CNS is organized and its components - subdivisions Talked abt and White Matter > Gray > The subdivision of PNS Navigating the Nervous system >  Learning Objectives : understand describe the Review From last class Following between · To and processes Involved in the of Information passage neutons : behaviours Involve & Motivational sensory , motor · most motor > SYNAPSE - ELECTRICAL GRADIENTS systems In NEURONS Neuron-Components types · > ACTION POTENTIAL , CNS Organization and components · - - NEURONAL INTEGRATION · Gray/white matter opNs - subdivisions Introduction to motor Control Information Trasmission in theFunction of the NS Information Transmission Membrane Potential Nervous system · Difference in distribution inside and outside the cell of ions (charged atoms) · INSIDE cell" > lots negatively charged molecules (A) and potassium (k +) some Sodium > (Nat and Chloride (c) * Imbalance of lons on membrane results in · OUTSIDE cell : difference ELECTRICAL in charge between inside and > lots of Nat and Cl- outside the cell - some k+ · Action potential (AP) very rapid change in membrane Potential occurs when , neuron is Stimulated More NEGATIVE ions Inside than outside the neuron Action Potential · Membrane potential goes From RESTING POTENTIAL s neurons have membrane potential All-or-none aboutoaembrane of to some positive value (approx 30mm) + Due SODIUM channel potential) to >Generated · opening to allow an INFLUX of Nations INSIDE the Cell at Initial Segment of (Depolarization axon and travels down axon to Potential Propagation of Action the axon terminals /presynaptic boutons) *Ppropagationenee covering axons Voltage dependent : Voltage-gata allows Faster conduction of nerve impulses ion channels RANVIER NODES - Break in themyelin Sheath Action potential jumps From mode to mode Summation of Signals Depolarization or Presynaptic Membrane and > Spatial summation > - Inputs From many presynaptic nerrors at once release of Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitter release > Temporal Summation > - Inputs from one presynaptic neuron in > vesicles release quick succession SYNAPSE ; To Control behaviour, info neurotransmitters across must be passed amongst Synaptic cleft onto other Potential (H) and (f > Electro-chemical at a given postsynaptic neuron Sum of nerve cells neurons =. Neurotransmitters affecting it Mechanism at Synapse > Released neurotransmitters have loo's it of other neurons Synapsing bind to · Neuron may on postsynaptic Stimulation receptors open ion-channels , of receptors on postsynaptic membrance + generation of Synaptic (local) potential ocan ave apositiveornegativeInfluencea 1) DEPOLARIZE (closer to thershold) producing excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) an 2) HYPERPOLARIZE (farther from threshold) producing Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) an  LO : Review ; · understand and describe how the · nervous Contractions system Controls muscle Describe Characteristics of ; Shapegradients inn oi s Neuronal > Motor Integration · Units/Motor Neuron Pools > Extrafusal and Intrafusal muscle fibres Gama and Alpha Motor Neurons CONTROL OF MUSCLE How do we get our muscles to more ? INPUTS to Motor Neurons MOTOR NEUROY POOL Response to Synaptic input is dependent on size C ↳ be of surface area and axon diameter and MOTOR UNITS eg.Smaller With Sala NEURON POOL ; motor MOTOR neurons - all individual motor neurons Innervating & Has LARGER POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS , a single muscle SLOWER CONDUCTION VELOCITY, and Motor neurons one muscle FEIER MUSCLE FIBERS - Innervating are clustered in Spinal Lord it can extend 1 to a Spinal Segments - MOTOR UNITS ; a motor neuron and all the EXTRAFUSAL muscle Fibres it innervates Number of Fibers innervated by a MU is an INNERVATION RATIO MUSCLE FIBRES However the number of muscle , Innervated muscle fibers varies depending on 2 Types of muscle Fibres e.. Gastrocnemius up g to 2000 fibers 1. EXTRAFUSAL-D Eye muscles as few as 5 Fibers Regular · muscle fibres ⑧ An Individual muscle fibre is Innervated by ONLY ONE Motor neuron Where Contraction of fibres allow movement One motor neuron may innervate SEVERAL Muscle Fibers · Responsible For POWER GENERATING Component of muscle · Muscle Fibers of Single motor unit are distributed throughout muscle, · Innervated ALPHA by motor neurons mixed With Fibers which Innervated are by other motor neurons o MOVERS ! NOTORURECRUITE E during a Movement · 2 INTRAFUSAL. Fewer of them ;Bigger MoreForce < SIZE of MV is related to Force due to Firs i s · Located deepWithin most Skeletal muscles along side extrafusal muscle fibres Ratio of motor neurons Wrapped Capsule Separating < to muscle Fibres affects 04-7 in in PRECISION Of that are a group Control themFrom rest of Musch-PMUSCLE SPINDLE Fine movements relay MU e On Smaller but NOT. g Change in length to generate forse. · , - For Muscle Contraction Small Mus are recruited before large Ones , Can detect this is known SIZE PRINCIPLE Gradation · Changes in muscle length as allows for of muscle force TO INCREASE FORCE : · Specialized For PROPRIOCEPTION , which tells us · Increase NUMBER of active motor units how the body is positioned or moving in Space · SENSORS ! Force IncreaseFRINGRATodeof active MotoUnitOs ne are recruited differs between muscles 4) Hand at 60 % max slow Contraction ; 85 % in biceps MOTOR NEURON TYPES 2 types of motor neurons (for the 2 types Changes in Control of muscle Fibres) : 1. ALPHA(x) - Innervate EXTRDFUSAL muscle fibres -ControlmuscleContraction is 2. GAMMA (v) - Innervate muscle Spindles (INTRAFUSAL muscle Fibres) Controls - the sensitivity of muscle Spindles  LO ; - Differentiate between different types of skills - Define skilled performance and Identify the features of skilled performance - Identify and integrate components of skills - Establish a ClassificationSystem For Skills Unit 2 LECTURE What types of movement Can We make ? Features of skilled performance Classifying Skills · REFLEXES 1. Hard work not just based on Inate ability (practice takes time 1) Predictability Open > Closed STEREOTDOVEMENTRECTED perfect) level Environmental learning makes of - BEHAVIOUR. skill 2 depends on learning but also the quality CLOSED SKILL OPEN SkilledDeformance Learned ability achea tireless SKILL is to of learning ; being Smouth and · Environment Stable and. Able 3 to be based predictable during action · Environment is unpredictable preform same result action MAXIMIZING of achievement during the certainty goal On different circumstance o Can Plan In advance · movements · requires adaptation of movement MINIMIZING the physical and mental energy costs orepetitionofmovementaaeasty in response to environment of performance absence of Components of Skills · Stereotyped movements o MINIMIZING the time Used Accuracy 3 critical elements 2) Movement Initiation Self Forced paced paced > - 1 PERCEPTUAL SELF PACED FORCED PACED. Sets pace With by outside Stimulus · The 3 own o Pace Set features vary on o Perceiving environmental respect toinitiation of Discriminate between important · task Stim. US. Noise movement Speed 2. COGNITIVE Energy 3) Task organization discrete->serial > Continuous - where and When perfora oDeciding what, to Spent , of DISCRETE (continuity of task) · Quality the preformer's decisions SERIDh CONTINUOUS regarding Easily defined beginning · What is Important andendduration movement Arie 3 MOTOR of a end beginning. and producingMusculativ (throwing agoal dart) · a I for min to going O hours of actions 4) strung together Importance of Physical and Cognitive Components Cognitive motor > - Cognitive Skill Sensorimotor Skill High decision-making requirement >lowdecision-mainis what to do" "Knowing correctly) > doing it 5) Primary Fine motor Muscles required Grossmotor - > Gross Motor Skill Fine motorSkill large muscle · o small muscles Finger primarily) Groups used and groups/hand  LO : > Describe Info controlling movement processing model for processing sensory Info and > Identify Factors that affect Flow Info processing of > Define learning and stages of learning AUSFO Cognitive task Where younG Focus on Cognitive over Unit 2 Lecture 2 Postural task Factors MODEL Affecting Flow rocessing A Of INFORMATION of In - PROCESSING * LIMITED CAPACITY When thinking of skill acquisition (learning) , there are some C) RESPONSE TIME ↳) We questions ; can only process limited amount > is the SUM of Separate times for each of Info at time Without 1 How do humans process Info and control movement ?.