SKELETAL-SYSYTEM from sir.pptx

Skeletal Syste HUMAN BODY SYSTEM S 1. Describe how the organs of the human body work together to form the skeletal system. 2. Explain how the parts of the skeletal work together. 3. Identify healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the different body systems. Introduct...

Skeletal Syste HUMAN BODY SYSTEM S 1. Describe how the organs of the human body work together to form the skeletal system. 2. Explain how the parts of the skeletal work together. 3. Identify healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the different body systems. Introduction: Have you observed how houses are built? Houses and buildings are not just woods, concrete, bricks, and stone. Man put frames like steel or wool in buildings to make them stronger and flexible. Framing is an early stage of building a house. Before constructing buildings and houses, construction workers prepare the framework using steel or wood. The steel and wood act as support and framework to make them stand and stay firm. Steel serves as the framework of houses and buildings. The framework in houses is similar with the skeletal  FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON 1.It gives the body much-needed support. 2.It protects the internal organs in the body. 3.It makes the body movement possible through the muscles attached to them.  STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The human skeleton consists of two divisions – the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs, and the sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet.  Try to feel your bones in your head, fingers, arms, thighs, and face. Are they the same? Bones are classified as long, short, flat, and irregular in shape. Long bones are found in the limbs like your arms and legs. Short bones are found in the wrists and ankles. Flat bones are in the shoulder blades and skull. Irregular bones are found in your face and vertebrae. When you were a baby, your bones are slightly softer and more flexible because they consist mostly of cartilage (a flexible and strong connective tissue). As you grow up, bone cells replace your cartilages. Some cartilages fuse or join to form a bone. An infant has 350 bones, a child has 208 bones, and a normal adult has 206 bones.  PARTS OF THE SKULL THE SKULL Touch your head. Do you feel the hard surface? The hard surface is the skull. It consists of cranium and facial bones. The cranium is made of eight bones joined together to form a rigid case that protects the brain. The face is made up of fourteen facial bones. The eye socket protects the eyeball. Without these bones, the eye maybe injured. The mandible or jawbone protects the teeth.  THE SPINAL COLUMN AND THE RIBS The spinal column protects the spinal cord, a very delicate organ. A person whose spinal cord is injured may be paralyzed. The neck and backbone are made up of irregular bones called vertebrae. Vertebrae are arranged on top of the other and move over each other slightly. There are 33 vertebrae in the spinal column of a child. As a child grows, the last seven bones join together to form just two bones. So the number of bones in the spinal column of an adult is 26. The bones at the side of your chest are your ribs. The ribs protect the lungs and the heart. There are 12 pairs of ribs. The upper seven pairs are the true ribs because they are connected to the breastbone or sternum and the lower five pairs are called false ribs. Of these five pairs, the upper three are connected to the breastbone and the last two pairs are not connected. These ribs are called floating ribs.  THE The lower extremities are composed of pelvic bones. Pelvic bones support APPENDAGES the lower parts of the body and aid the movement of the legs. The upper arm has one long bone called the humerus and the two bones in the lower arm known as radius and ulna. The radius or ulna is the longer of the two bones in the human forearm. Each wrist or carpals has 8 bones, the palm or metacarpals has 5 bones, and the fingers or phalanges have 14 bones. The legs are made up of long bones. The upper leg is the femur. The lower leg has two bones called tibia and fibula. The femur is the longest bone in the body. The knee bone is the patella. There are 7 anklebones, 5 foot bones, and 14 toe bones. Anklebones  STRUCTURE OF BONES Bones are made up of thousands of collagen fibers embedded in mineral salts of calcium and phosphorus. These minerals make the bones hard and strong. The outer layer of the bone is made up of compact bone and the inner layer is the spongy bone. A compact bone provides strength and protection. The center, which is the spongy bone, is less dense and contains a jelly-like, yellowish substance called bone marrow. The bone marrow manufactures the blood cells in the body. There are two types of bone marrow---the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow. The red bone marrow is found in the humerus, femur, pelvis and vertebrae. The yellow bone marrow is found in many other bones.  JOINTS Each time you perform a task, you move your body in different directions. You twist, bend, reach, and grip. You can move your body parts because of your joints. A joint is formed where two bones meet. Each joint is designed for a specific movement. Except for the joint in the skull, they can be classified according to the  KINDS OF JOINTS BALL-AND-SOCKET The ball-and socket joint allows movement in all direction. The joint in the shoulder and hips are ball and socket. They allow a person to swing his or her arms and legs. The rounded end of your upper arm bone fits into a hollow or socket at the end of your shoulder bone.  HINGE JOINT The hinge joint allows movement in one direction only. The elbow and knee joints are hinge joints. They allow back- and-forth movement like the hinge of the door.  GLIDING JOINT The gliding joint allows side-to-side and back-and-forth movement. The joint in wrist, ankles, and vertebrae are gliding joints.  PIVOT JOINT The pivot joint allows rotation movement. The joint where two bone of lower arm, the radius, and the ulna meet is a pivot joint. This joint allows a person to  IMMOVABLE JOINT The immovable or fixed joint do not allow movements. Sutures in the skull are immovable joint. All skull bones except the lower jaw are joint at  INJURIES TO THE SKELETAL SYSTEM SPRAIN A sprain occurs when too much pressure is put on a joint and the nearby bones and ligament. This causes the ligament to stretch too much. Sprains commonly occur in the ankles, knees, shoulders, waist, and fingers. DISLOCATION A dislocation occurs when severe pressure is put on the joints, forcing the bones to move out of alignment. It is always accompanied by ligament damage and sometimes, bone fracture. Symptoms of dislocation include pain, rapid swelling, and discoloration in the affected area. FRACTURE A high-impact force on the bone may cause it to break. This is called a fracture. This may happen during an intense sport activity, a fall, or a vehicular accident. A fracture may be simple or compound. A simple fracture happens when the tissues surrounding the bone are not damaged and the skin is not broken. In a compound fracture, the tissues surrounding the bone are damaged. DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ARTHRITIS Arthritis is a common bone disease among old people. It is a result of the gradual erosion of the protective layer of cartilage between the bones at the joints. It can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joints. RICKETS Rickets is the weakening and softening of the bones because the vitamin D deficiency. Lack of exposure to sunlight may cause rickets. This is because sunlight is needed to activate the vitamin D in the body which in turn helps in absorption of calcium. SCOLIOSIS A person who suffers from scoliosis has an abnormal curvature of the spine. It may cause back pain. Early diagnosis of the ailment can help a person with scoliosis get treatment right away. It may be done using a cast applied from the chest to the waist to help correct the curvature of the spine. OSTEOPOROSIS Bones are hard and strong because they contain phosphorus and calcium. When bones lack these minerals, they become brittle, weal , and thin. Older people are more susceptible to osteoporosis because the ability of the body to absorb calcium lessens with age.  Do regular exercise. Exercise is good for the bones. It makes the bones strong. Choosing the right type of exercise is important in building and maintaining bone mass. Exercise such as dancing aerobics, jumping rope, hiking, jogging, and stair climbing help maintain strong bones. CARING FOR THE SKELETAL Wear proper equipment when playing a SYSTEM game or riding a bike. Proper equipment and conditioning before playing sport activities are important for injury prevention. Eat food rich in calcium and vitamin D. Taking enough amount of calcium and vitamin D is important to keep the  REFERENCE: REX The New Science Links Revised Edition 6 VIBAL Science in our World 6