Skeletal System RT204 Midterm Topic 1 PDF

RT204: Radiographic Anatomy & Physiology Midterm Topic 1: The Skeletal System Source: Elaine N. Marieb Expounded by: Earl John R. Trinidad  The Skeletal System ∙ Parts of the skeletal system ∙ Bones (skeleton) ∙ Joints ∙ Cartilages ∙ Ligam...

RT204: Radiographic Anatomy & Physiology Midterm Topic 1: The Skeletal System Source: Elaine N. Marieb Expounded by: Earl John R. Trinidad  The Skeletal System ∙ Parts of the skeletal system ∙ Bones (skeleton) ∙ Joints ∙ Cartilages ∙ Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) ∙ Divided into two divisions ∙ Axial skeleton ∙ Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.1  Functions of Bones ∙ Support of the body ∙ Protection of soft organs ∙ Movement due to attached skeletal muscles ∙ Storage of minerals and fats ∙ Blood cell formation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.2  Bones of the Human Body ∙ The skeleton has 206 bones ∙ Two basic types of bone tissue ∙ Compact bone ∙ Homogeneous ∙ Spongy bone ∙ Small needle-like pieces of bone Figure 5.2b ∙ Many open spaces Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.3  Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4c  Classification of Bones ∙ Long bones ∙ Typically longer than wide ∙ Have a shaft with heads at both ends ∙ Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4a  Classification of Bones ∙ Short bones ∙ Generally cube-shape ∙ Contain mostly spongy bone ∙ Examples: Carpals, tarsals Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4b  Classification of Bones ∙ Flat bones ∙ Thin and flattened ∙ Usually curved ∙ Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone ∙ Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5a  Classification of Bones ∙ Irregular bones ∙ Irregular shape ∙ Do not fit into other bone classification categories ∙ Example: Vertebrae and hip Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.5b  Bone Growth ∙ Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood ∙ New cartilage is continuously formed ∙ Older cartilage becomes ossified ∙ Cartilage is broken down ∙ Bone replaces cartilage Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Bone Growth ∙ Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops ∙ Bones change shape somewhat ∙ Bones grow in width Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Bone Fractures ∙ A break in a bone ∙ Types of bone fractures ∙ Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin ∙ Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin ∙ Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization ∙ Realignment of the bone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.16  Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.17 ∙ Comminuted Fracture - broken into fragments ∙ Compression Fracture - bone is crushed ∙ Depressed Fracture - Bone Pressed Inward ∙ Impacted Fracture - Bones forced into each other ∙ Spiral Fracture - excessive twisting force applied ∙ Greenstick Fracture - bone breaks completely  Repair of Bone Fractures ∙ Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed ∙ Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus ∙ Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus ∙ Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.18  Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.19  The Axial Skeleton ∙ Forms the longitudinal part of the body ∙ Divided into three parts ∙ Skull ∙ Vertebral column ∙ Bony thorax Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  The Skull ∙ Two sets of bones ∙ Cranium ∙ Facial bones ∙ Bones are joined by sutures ∙ Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  The Skull Figure 5.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Bones of the Skull Figure 5.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.22 Skull AP Skull Lateral  Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.23  Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.24  Paranasal Sinuses ∙ Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Paranasal Sinuses ∙ Functions of paranasal sinuses ∙ Lighten the skull ∙ Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Paranasal Sinuses ∙ Functions of paranasal sinuses ∙ Lighten the skull ∙ Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Paranasal Sinuses ∙ Normally referred to as PNS ∙ Uses three projections: LATERAL projection, POSTEROANTERIOR Projection (Caldwell View), and OCCIPITOMENTAL Projection (Waters’ View) Figure 5.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide PNS AP PNS Lateral PNS Waters Projection PNS Caldwell Projection  That’s all for Skeletal System Part 1. See you next next week after the Intramurals 2024. Have a happy 49th DDC Founding Anniversary Celebration next week. Please support the Cosmic Vipers ☺  The Vertebral Column ∙ Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs ∙ The spine has a normal curvature ∙ Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.28  The Bony Thorax ∙ Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  The Bony Thorax ∙ Made-up of three parts ∙ Sternum ∙ Ribs ∙ Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Chest PA Primary Tuberculosis On Chest Radiograph  The Appendicular Skeleton ∙ Limbs (appendages) ∙ Pectoral girdle ∙ Pelvic girdle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle ∙ Composed of two bones ∙ Clavicle – collarbone ∙ Scapula – shoulder blade ∙ These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.33  Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Shoulder AP Shoulder Lateral (Scapular Y)  Bones of the Upper Limb ∙ The arm is formed by a single bone ∙ Humerus Figure 5.21a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Humerus AP Humerus Lat  Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius Figure 5.21c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Bones of the Upper Limb ∙ The hand ∙ Carpals – wrist ∙ Metacarpals – palm ∙ Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.36  Bones of the Pelvic Girdle ∙ Hip bones ∙ Composed of three pair of fused bones ∙ Ilium ∙ Ischium ∙ Pubic bone ∙ The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis ∙ Protects several organs ∙ Reproductive organs ∙ Urinary bladder ∙ Part of the large intestine Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.37  The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.39 HIP (L) AP  Bones of the Lower Limbs ∙ The thigh has one bone ∙ Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide Knee AP Knee Lateral  Bones of the Lower Limbs ∙ The leg has two bones ∙ Tibia ∙ Fibula Figure 5.35c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide  Bones of the Lower Limbs ∙ The foot ∙ Tarsus – ankle ∙ Metatarsals – sole ∙ Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.41 That’s all for our midterm. God bless on your quizzes and exams.