Skeletal System PDF

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Romaenia S. Salazar, RMT, MAT The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdl...

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Romaenia S. Salazar, RMT, MAT The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle Slide 5.1 Functions of Bones Support of the body Protection of soft organs Movement due to attached skeletal muscles Storage of minerals and fats Blood cell formation Bones of the Human Body The skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Homogeneous Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Figure 5.2b Many open spaces Classification of Bones Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus Classification of Bones Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Classification of Bones Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Classification of Bones Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip Slide 5.5b Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage Slide Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops Bones change shape somewhat Bones grow in width Slide Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a Slide Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Realignment of the bone Slide 5.16 Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2 Slide 5.17 Repair of Bone Fractures Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch Slide 5.18 Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5 Slide 5.19 The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax Slide The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6 Slide The Skull Two sets of bones Cranium Facial bones Bones are joined by sutures Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Slide The Skull Figure 5.7 Slide Bones of the Skull Figure 5.11 Slide 5.22 Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8 Slide 5.23  Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.24 Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10 Slide Paranasal Sinuses Functions of paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10 Slide The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12 Slide 5.26 The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14 Slide 5.28 Structure of a Typical Vertebrae Figure 5.16 Slide 5.29 The Bony Thorax Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a Slide The Bony Thorax Made-up of three parts Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a Slide The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages) Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Slide The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6c Slide The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones Clavicle – collarbone Scapula – shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Slide 5.33 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a, b Slide Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus Figure 5.21a, b Slide Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius Figure 5.21c Slide Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22 Slide 5.36 Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubic bone The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine Slide 5.37 The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Slide Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c Slide 5.39 Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone Femur – thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b Slide Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones Tibia Fibula Figure 5.35c Slide Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot Tarsus – ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25 Slide 5.41 Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints Over 100 different types The most widespread crippling disease in the United States Slide 5.53 Clinical Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis Most common chronic arthritis Probably related to normal aging processes Rheumatoid arthritis An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints Often leads to deformities Slide Clinical Forms of Arthritis Gouty Arthritis Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood Can usually be controlled with diet Slide THANK YOU