Skeletal Part 1.ppsx

Skeletal System Objectives Discuss the basic functions of bones Identify the two types of bone structure Identify basic terminology and features of bones Discuss how blood is supplied to the bones How bone is formed Identify bone shapes Discuss Bone marrow Discuss how anatomist divide the bones i...

Skeletal System Objectives Discuss the basic functions of bones Identify the two types of bone structure Identify basic terminology and features of bones Discuss how blood is supplied to the bones How bone is formed Identify bone shapes Discuss Bone marrow Discuss how anatomist divide the bones into two system Begin identifying the bones of the skull https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9v qaXIxLgI Function of Bone Support  Most basic of functions Protection  Protects vital organs by either completely or partially surrounding Leverage  Attachment of tendons to bones to move joints Storage  Storage site for minerals (Calcium) Blood cell formation  Hematopoiesis Bone Structure Two Types Cancellous Light and spongy  Consists of spicules  Contains the bone marrow  Compact Heavy and dense  Makes up the shaft of long bones and the outside layer of all the bones  Cancellous Bone Tiny "spicules" of bone that appear randomly arranged Spaces between the spicules contain bone marrow Compact Bone • Shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones • Haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone Haversian Systems Concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central canal  Blood, Lymph vessels and Nerves Periosteum Periosteum: membrane that covers outer surface of the bones  Outer layer is composed of fibrous tissue  Inner layer contains osteoblasts  Not present on articular surfaces Endosteum Lines the hollow aspect of the interior bone surfaces It also contains osteoblasts Blood Supply Tiny blood vessels penetrate the bone from the periosteum Vessels pass through tiny channels through the bone matrix  Volkmann’s canals Larger blood vessels (lymph vessels along with nerves) enter many of the larger bones through a larger channel called:  Nutrient foramina Nutrient Foramen What feature of bone reduces the weight of large bones? A. B. C. D. Periosteum Endosteum Compact bone Cancellous What feature of bone reduces the weight of large bones? A. B. C. D. Periosteum Endosteum Compact bone Cancellous Which of the following is a large channel in which large blood and lymph vessels enter the bone? A. B. C. D. Nutrient foramen Haversian canals Volksman canals Periosteum Which of the following is a large channel in which large blood and lymph vessels enter the bone? A. B. C. D. Nutrient foramen Haversian canals Volksman canals Periosteum What component of connective tissue is responsible for bone formation? A. Hematopoiesis B. Volksman’s canal C. Osteoblasts D. Endosteum What component of connective tissue is responsible for bone formation? A. Hematopoiesis B. Volksman’s canal C. Osteoblasts D. Endosteum Bone Formation May occur two ways:  1- grows into and replaces cartilage  Endochondral bone formation  Most bones formed by this method  2-Develops from fibrous tissue membranes  Intramembranous  Skull bones  Growth plate bone formation Endochondral Bone Formation Primary growth center: bones develop in the diaphyses  Cartilage rod Cartilage is removed as bone is created Secondary growth centers: develop in the epiphyses of the bone Endochondral Bone Formation Epiphyseal plates: cartilage located between diaphysis and epiphyses of bone Sites where new bone develops to allow long bones to lengthen Growth plate Intramembranous Bone Formation Occurs in certain skull bones Bone forms in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus. Bone Marrow Fills the spaces within bones Two types: Red bone marrow 2. Yellow bone marrow. 1. Red Bone Marrow Forms blood cells  Majority of the bone marrow of young animals  Only a small portion of the marrow of older animals  Confined animals to a few specific locations in older Yellow Bone Marrow Consists primarily of adipose connective tissue Most common type of marrow in adult animals Can revert to red bone marrow if needed Growth plate of the bone is called? A. B. C. D. Nutrient foramen Epiphyseal plate Diaphysis bone Periosteum Growth plate of the bone is called? A. B. C. D. Nutrient foramen Epiphyseal plate Diaphysis Periosteum Regarding bone formation in a puppy or kitten which of the following is true? A. B. C. Red marrow found in young animals is responsible for the majority of bone formation Intramembraneous bone formation that takes place in the diaphysis of long bone is primarily responsible for new bone Endochondral bone formation which takes place at the epiphyseal plates is primarily responsible for new bone Regarding bone formation in a puppy or kitten which of the following is true? A. B. C. Red marrow found in young animals is responsible for the majority of bone formation Intramembraneous bone formation that takes place in the diaphysis of the long bone is primarily responsible for new bone Endochondral bone formation which takes place at the epiphyseal plates is primarily responsible for new bone Bone Shapes Four Basic Shapes  Long  Short  Flat  Irregular Long Bones Epiphyses (distal and proximal)  Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) Diaphysis (main part of the long bone) Short Bones Small cubed shaped  Carpal and tarsal bones  Flat Bones Thin and flat  Skull, Scapula and pelvic  Irregular Bones Hodgepodge category  Have the characteristics of more than one of the other bones or they are just irregular  Vertebrae, some skull bones, sesamoid bones  Bone Features Articular surfaces Smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other to form joints  Condyle    Large round surface Head Spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone (femur, humerus)  Joins with the shaft of the bone at the neck region   Facet  Flat articular surface Processes Projections off a bone surface Name depends on location Examples:  Spinous process of a vertebra  Trochanter on the femur  Tuberosity on the ischium  Spine on the scapula  Wing of the atlas Bone Features Foramen: hole in a bone; may contain blood vessels, nerves Exception is the obturator foramina Fossa: depressed area on the surface of a bone Which of the following best fits this description: thin bone found in the skull and scapula? A. B. C. D. Flat Short Irregular Long Which of the following best fits this description: thin bone found in the skull and scapula? A. B. C. D. Flat Short Irregular Long Which of the following is not an articular surface? A. B. C. D. Facet Condyle Process Head Which of the following is not an articular surface? A. B. C. D. Facet Condyle Process Head A hole in a bone that blood vessels, etc run through is called? A. B. C. D. Facet Fossa Sesamoid Foramen Divided into two main Groups Axial  Bones of the head and trunk Appendicular  Bones of the limbs Visceral skeleton  Bones that form in soft organs Axial Skeleton Skull Hyoid Vertebral (Spinal) column Ribs Sternum Skull Usually consists of 37 or 38 separate bones Most of the skull bones are connected by joints called sutures. The mandible is connected to the rest of the skull by a synovial joint.  TMJ Cranium 11 bones form the cranium Starting caudally and moving rostral the bones are:  Occipital bone  Interparietal  Parietal  Temporal  Frontal Bones of the Cranium External bones: Frontal bones (2)  Interparietal bones (2)  Occipital bones (1)  Parietal bones (2)  Temporal bones (2)  Internal Bones: Ethmoid bone (1)  Sphenoid bone (1)  Internal Bones of the Cranium Sphenoid  Forms the ventral portion of the cranium  Contains a depression that houses the pituitary gland Ethmoid  Located rostrally to the sphenoid bone  Contains the cribriform plate External bones of the face Incisive Nasal Dolichocephalic  Mesocephalic  Brachycephalic  Maxillary Lacrimal Zygomatic Mandible Internal Bones of the Face Palatine bones  Two bones that make up the hard palate  Functions to separate the mouth from the nasal cavity Pterygoid bones  Support the lateral walls of the pharynx Turbinates  Also called nasal conchae Vomer bone  Divides the nasal septum into right and left Bones of the Ear All are internal Ossicles  Malleus  Incus  Stapes Which of the following is not a bone of the cranium? A. B. C. D. Parietal Incisive Frontal Occipital Which of the following is not a bone of the cranium? A. B. C. D. Parietal Incisive Frontal Occipital What is the only movable bone of the skull? A. B. C. D. Frontal Occipital Maxilla Mandible What is the only movable bone of the skull? A. B. C. D. Frontal Occipital Maxilla Mandible Which of the following is an example of mesocephalic skull? A. B. C. D. Golden retriever Persian Siamese Pharaoh hound Which of the following is an example of mesocephalic skull? A. B. C. D. Golden retriever Persian Siamese Pharaoh hound Review What are the basic function of the bones What are the two types of bone structure List the different bone features and define them How is blood supplied to the bones How do bones grow What are the different bone shapes What is the function of the Bone Marrow and what are the different types What are the two systems that anatomist divide the skeleton into Identifying the bones of the skull Internal Bones of the Face Internal: Vomer bone (1) Turbinates (4) Pterygoid bones (2) Palatine bones (2)