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**LESSON 1** **Systems Integration** - implies users permit to communicate or connect effortlessly **Lehtonen** defined system integration, as the act of linking several sub-systems into a bigger system **System Integration** - combining all of the organization's physical and virtual components...

**LESSON 1** **Systems Integration** - implies users permit to communicate or connect effortlessly **Lehtonen** defined system integration, as the act of linking several sub-systems into a bigger system **System Integration** - combining all of the organization's physical and virtual components **ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Systems** - type of information technology that enables businesses to connect many systems into a single (sort of software that businesses often use) **Silos** - airtight pit or tower for preserving foodstuffs (segregated functioning units that are cut off) **Horizontal Silos** - Henry Fayol, separate functionalized organizations into five fundamental areas: planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding, and controlling in the early 1900s. Luther Gulick expanded Fayol\'s categorization in the 1930s, resulting in the POSDCORB functional model (planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting) **Vertical Silos** - In the late 1960s, Harvard University\'s Robert Anthony discovered that businesses split responsibilities in hierarchical stages, from strategic planning through managerial control and operation control (prefer to split operations) **Application of information System** - Business Communications System, Business Operations Management, Company Decision-Making, and Company Recording-Keeping **Information System** - serve the organization\'s changing information demands (assist company processes) **Management Three Levels** -strategic, middle, and operational **Implications Of System Integration for Management** - Implementing rules on ethical information usage **ERP's Role in Logical Integration** - ERP solutions force companies (order input, routing via departments, and transmission of output to various stakeholders) **ERPs Role in Physical Integration** - An enterprise may need to upgrade or install middleware (Data integration, client integration, and application integration are all essential components of integration) **Timeline** **System** **Platform** -------------- ----------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1960s Inventory Management & Control Mainframe legacy systems using third generation software 1970s Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) Mainframe legacy systems using third generation software 1980s Material Requirements Planning (MRP-II) Mainframe legacy systems using fourth generation database software 1990s Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Resource Planning 2000s Extended ERP or ERP-II Client-server systems using Web platform **E-Business** - Focuses on linking a business, **Disruptive Technology** - Totally transformed the way a business operates **ERP** - Focuses on integrating the internal, **Adaptive Technology** - Merged the early data processing **ERP Systems Components** - An ERP System is composed of Hardware, Software Process, Information, Process, and People **ERP Architecture** - The budget, operation, and the use of an ERP system are all influenced by the system\'s architecture (aids the deployment team in developing) - **Logical** - focuses on the supporting - **Physical** - focuses on the efficiency **TIERED ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLE OF ERP SYSTEM** 1\. Presentation Logic Tier 2\. Business Logic Tier 3\. Data Tier **Software and Vendor Selection** - company must assess its existing and future enterprise **Operation and Post-Implementation** - One of the most significant milestones in a project\'s success is when it goes live (or \"go-live\") **ERP VENDORS** **1. SAP** - world\'s most popular ERP software, (products are suitable for a wide range of industries) **2. Oracle/Peoplesoft** - second largest ERP provider, (offers solutions categorized by Industry) **3. Microsoft Dynamics** - formerly known as Microsoft Business Solutions or Great Plains, (complete business management system) **4. Infor** - world\'s third largest corporate software vendor (provides integrated supply chain) **5. Lawson** - Enterprise performance management **LESSON 2** **Information-Oriented** - convergence of two or more systems by permitting easy data flows (Moving data across systems) **INFORMATION-ORIENTED INTEGRATION CONCEPTS** **Coupling** - connects applications in reliant on one another **Cohesion** -act or state of sticking together or logical agreement (Applications and databases are distinct of one another in cohesiveness) **Information Producers and Consumers** - entities that create and consume information are known as **source and target systems** (Database, Application, User Interface, and Embedded Devices are examples of systems that create and consume data) **STEPS TO APPROACH INFORMATION INTEGRATION** 1\. Identify the data 2\. Catalog the data 3\. Build the Enterprise Metadata Model --used as master guide for integrating the various information **Data Replication** - shifting data across two or more databases (not suited for integrating functionalities in applications) **Data Federation** - combining various databases into a single virtual database **Interface Processing** - Integrating packaged and bespoke programs is part of interface processing (most often used method of integration) **BUSINESS PROCESS INTEGRATION-ORIENTED** - enable integration not just via the sharing of information **Application Integration** - capacity to build a common business process model (create a single logical model) (Provides a control method that describes and implements information flow) **TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS** **1. Graphic Modeling Tool** -- business model is created and defined **2. Business Process Engine** -- controls the execution of the multi-steps business processes **3. Business Process Monitoring Interface** -- Allows end-users to monitor and control execution of a business **4. Business Process Engine Interface** -- Allows other applications to access the business process engine **5. Integration Technology (Middleware)** -- Connects the source and target system **THREE LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY** **1. Process modelling** - Information mobility is specified in process modeling **2. Transformation, routing, and rules** - Information movement and formatting occur (Routing makes it possible to retrieve important data) **3. Message service** - in-charge of transferring data across all linked apps **Service-Oriented Application Integration** - provides a framework for connecting applications **Service-Oriented** - allows apps to share business logic and procedures **Application Service** - Sub-routines or procedures in applications **SOLUTIONS ARCHITECTURE** **1. Event-Drive** - designs that focus on data mobility **2. Composite-Application** - Describes architectures that require application services **3. Autonomous-Distributed** - web service architectures that have been so closely interwoven **Portal-Oriented Application Integration** - ability to access a variety of systems **Portal-Oriented** - combines programs through a single user interface or application access via web browser **PORTAL CATEGORIES** **1. Single-System Portals** - businesses that have extended their user interfaces to the web **2. Multiple-Enterprise-System Portals** - expands the design of a single-system gateway **3. Enterprise Portals** - broaden the scope of a multi-enterprise system **COMPONENTS OF PORTAL ARCHITECTURE** **1. Web Clients** - PC or any other device that can display HTML **2. Web Servers** - At their heart, web servers are file servers (reply to web client queries) **3. Database Servers** - respond to requests and return information **4. Back-end Applications** - corporate apps that reside within a single company **5. Application Servers** - provide middle layer between back-end applications **LESSON 3** **Middleware** - software that allows communication between two or more software systems **TWO TYPES OF MIDDLEWARE MODELS** **1. Logical Middleware Model** - conceptualizes how information travels **2. Physical Middleware Model** - actual mechanism of information flow and the technology used are **Point-to-Point Middleware** - connect one program to another (inability to link more than two apps) **Many-to-Many Middleware** - connects a large number of applications (can handle many sources or target apps) **Asynchronous** - middleware transfers data between one or more applications **Synchronous** - encounters issues such as network or remote server issues (consumes bandwidth since multiple network calls are required) **Connection-Oriented** - Two parties connect, exchange messages (usually a synchronous procedure, although it can be asynchronous as well) **Connectionless** - caller application does not establish a connection with the destination process **Direct Communication** - middleware layer takes the message from the caller application and sends it straight **Queued Communication** - use of a queue manager to place a message in a queue **Publish/Subscribe** - removes the requirement for an application (transmit the data it wants to share known as a **broker**) **Request Response** - used to send a request to an application **Fire and Forget** - enables a middleware user to \"fire off\" a message and then \"forget\" about it **TYPES OF MIDDLEWARE** **A. Remote Produce Calls (RPC)** - oldest kind of middleware (allows you to execute a function from one application) **B. Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM**) - queuing software that uses messages to transport data **C. Distributed Objects** - Small application programs that interact with one another **D. Database-Oriented Middleware** - makes it easier for an application or two databases to communicate with each other **E. Transaction-Oriented Middleware** - provides a framework for coordinating information flow **TP Monitors** - serve as a hub for communication between two or more applications **Application Servers** - provide the sharing and processing of application logic **Integration Servers** - allow data to flow between two or more resources