Sir Aj Anaphy Unit 3 PDF

UNIT 3: SKELETAL SYSTEM 8. Thoracic cage is part of - axial skeleton PRE-TEST! 9. In adults, yellow marrow is confined to the 1. Bones that are longer than they are wide -...

UNIT 3: SKELETAL SYSTEM 8. Thoracic cage is part of - axial skeleton PRE-TEST! 9. In adults, yellow marrow is confined to the 1. Bones that are longer than they are wide - diaphysis - long bones 10. Division of the skeleton 2. Functions of skeletal system - Axial and appendicular - Storage - Hematopoietic site A. SKELETAL SYSTEM - Support - dried-up body - Movement - 2 skeleton division - Hormone production - Axial - Longitudinal axis of body 3. Bones that are thin, flattened and curve - Appendicular - flat bones - Bones of limbs and girdles - 4 components: 4. Bones in human adult - Bones - 206 - Cartilages - found in ends of the bones in proximal and distal bones 5. 2 types of cartilage cells - Tendons - connects skeletal muscle to - chondrocytes & chondroblast bone Perineum and periosteum - (perineum - - Ligaments - tissues that help connects between the anus and genital area) bone to bone Osteoclast & osteoblasts - (osteoclast - bone breaking - destroying the parts of Pic of the 2 division bones )(osteoblast - bone forming - Appendicular Skeleton building bones) - involves shoulder girdle (common name: Epiphysis & diaphysis - (epiphysis - clavicle/collar bone) head part of long bone)(diaphysis - long Invovles mga bone na na sa labas bones yung shaft) Red marrow & yellow marrow - (red - Axial Skeleton may stem cells to produce blood cells) - yung mga nasa loob (yellow - mostly made of fats) Thoracic Cage - Anatomical term for ribs 6. Anatomical name for the shaft of long bone Next pic - Diaphysis Cranium - part of skull and is the one that 7. Bones that are cubed-shape and contain protects the brain mostly spongy bone axial - Involves vertebral column from C1 - short bones (cervicle 1) to sacrum (tale bone). Involves also thoracic cage Study parts of sternum  Scapula - may sakit dito “winging of the 3. body movement - pero with the help of scapula” - may nadetached na muscle skeletal muscles Appendicular skeleton - humerus, radius - skeletal muscles attached to bones by (ruwar), ulna (uneg), carpals, tarsals, tendons metacarpals, metatarsals, phalenges, patella If muscles contract dadalhin niya sa (knee cap), tibia, fibula origin Anatomical term for fingers - digits Origin Insertion B. MAJOR FUNCTIONS - muscular contraction moves the bones - joints, which are formed by 2 or more 1. body support bones come together - smooth cartilage - rigid, strong bone is well suited for bearing covers the ends of bones weight and is the major supporting tissue - ligaments - prevents excessive movement of the body - cartilage - found sa end ng bones even sa 4. mineral storage long bone - some mineral in the blood are stored in - provides firm yet flexible support within bones and releases it in the circulation certain structures: nose, external ear, when needed thoracic cage, and trachea - mga flexible - calcium and phosphorus, adipose tissue - na bone like nabebend sila like yung na minerals stored in bone nose May adipose kasi meron yung yellow - ligaments marrow - fats - strong band of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together 5. blood cell production - hindi lang red Fibrous (like yung peklat - napalitan blood cell also wbc (dito napproduce kasi dito Yung normal skin into fibrous yung mg immature cell.- lymphocyte, skin - mas matigas ang peklat kesa skin monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, neurophil), and platelets 2. organ protection - since Matigas ang - bone cavities is filled with red bone bones pinoprotect niya yung mga organs marrow capable of blood cell production - hard and protects the organs it surrounds - yellow bone marrow is not for the - skull encloses and protects the brain production of blood cells - vertebrae surrounds the spinal cord Fluid inside the spine - spinal fluid / CSF - cerebrospinal fluid - rib cage protect the heart, lungs, parts of the liver, diaphragm and other organs of the thorax CARTILAGE - end of long bones - double-layered outer layer of dense - 3 types - Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and irregular connective tissue containing Elastic cartilage fibroblast (immature fibrous cells) - Hyaline cartilage - most intimately - the inner, more delicate layer has fewer associated with bone fibers and contains chondroblasts. Infants have immature bones hindi pa tulad - blood vessels and nerves penetrate the sa mga matatanda - thru developmental outer layer of the perichondrium but do not growth and pag nareach puberty dun enter the cartilage matrix naninigas na ang cartilage and nagiging Blood supply is na sa perichondrium lang bone and nutriens diffuse … - growth in bone length and bone repair - nutrients diffuse through the cartilage often involve making hyaline cartilage matrix to reach the chondrocyte first, then replaced it with bone - Articular Cartilage - covers the ends of Pag may fractures, even smallest damage to bones where they come together to form bone in which nagiging hyaline cartilage joint. has no perichondrium, blood vessels, muna sila and kapag may right supply of or nerves nutrients and bloodflow nagiging bone na - immature cell names often end with the GROWTH OF CARTILAGE suffix - blast - 2 types: - once they mature/grown and differentiated - Appositional - responsible is chondroblast it changes into - cyte - chondroblast in the perichondrium add - hyaline cartilage chondroblast - produce a new cartilage to the outside edge of the matrix has surrounding themselves existing cartilage - sa labas Chondroblast mature to form chondrocytes - chondroblasts lay down new matrix and - nagdidivide sila add new chondrocytes to the outside of Immature rbc - “erythroblast” the tissue Immature wbc / leukocytes - lymphoblast - Instertitial Growth - chondrocytes in the center of the tissue - by the time the matrix has surrounded a divide and add more matrix in-between chondroblast, the cell has differentiated the existing cells - sa loob into a chondrocytes, a rounded cell that occupies a space called a lacuna within the TYPES OF BONE TISSUES matrix - Compact Lacuna - rounded cell that occupies space - dense and looks smooth and - the matrix contains collagens(connective homogenous - skull/cranium tissue - they bind) which provides strength, - Spongy and proteoglycans, which makes cartilage - small needlelike pieces of bone and lots resilient by trapping water of open spaces - ex: sponge Nagdidikit dikit kaya matibay - “Cancellous bone / trabecular bone” - Perichondrium - a protective connective - adults → 206 bones - kasi nagfuse na yung tissue sheath that covers most cartilage mga bone - newborn → 275 up to 300 bones  CLASSIFICATION OF BONES * blood vessels come in different sizes like - Long bones the aorta - the largest artery * - typically longer than they are wide - shaft with head at both ends - mostly made of compact bone GROSS ANATOMY - structures that our - all bones of the limbs except the patella, naked-eyes can see wrist and ankle bone - Short bones diaphysis /shaft - generally cube-shaped and contain - makes most of the bone length and is mostly spongy bone composed of compact bone - Wrist & are the example - covered and connective protected by a - special type of short bone - sesamoid fibrous tissue membrane called periostium bone (ex: patella) Contains fibrous layer outside and inner - Flat bones layer - thin, flattened, and usually curved Contain collagen fibers (connective - 2 thin layers of compact bone tissues) of periostium sandwiching a layer of spongy bone - Perforating fibers secure the periosteum to between them the underlying bone - skull, ribs, sternum are the examples - Irregular bones * Parts of the bone - all bones that do not fit one of the - structure of trabecular bone and compact preceding categories bone - the vertebra which make up the spinal - Compact - solid layer column and the hipbones are irregular - Articular cartilage - covering of the ends of bones - they don’t follow a shape long bones * RECAP!!! Epiphysis - are the ends of the long bone Appositional growth - consists of a thin layer of compact bone - responsible cell is chondroblast and it produce enclosing an area filled with spongy bone cell para mapunta sa outside part (perichondrium) Articular cartilage - covers the external surface Instertitial Cell growht - glassy hyaline cartilage - so smooth/ - chondrocytes, located inside which provides / slippery maintains the cell - smooth, slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces Pag hindi smooth, maggagasgasan yung Parts of the bone joints Synovial fluid - between joints. Like a - Dun sa part ng epiphysial line - epiphysial lubricant to reduce friction at joint parts plate muna siya. It will become epiphysial line Gout - inflammatory disorder.. san ba once nagmature na ang tao hindi na humahaba ang bone and it will become a line na lang - Medullary cavity contain yellow bone marrow - Shaft - or “diaphysis”  nakukuha ang mga uric acid magsecrete yung gland. Pag supper baba parathyroid gland will release more pth and Epiphyseal line this will travel to your bones and - remnant (remains) of epiphyseal plate (flat maactivate yung mga osteoclast - this plate of hyaline cartilage) that is seen in osteoclast is kakainin/idedegrade yung mga young, growing bone bone cells para marelease/marecycle yung - cause the lengthwise growth of a long calcium components/presence para mapunta bone sa bloodstream para tumaas blood calcium - Epiphyseal plate is responsible frow level. That’s why pag wala kang dietary growth of bone length tapso mareach supply ng calciums, mapipilitan yung puberty magstop yung growing and osteoclast na sirain ang bone cells to release cartilage will be ossified (turned into calcium content. dinedegrade ng osteoclast bones) - may thin line na epiphyseal line yung bones para mameet lang yung magpakita homeostasis para tumaas ang calcium level - in adults pero what if mababa talaga? Magkakaroon - cavity of shaft is primarily a storage of ng excessive damage to your bone at fat tissue called yellow marrow magiging brittle yung bones need mo - in infants pumunta na ng doctor para ipatake ka ng - this area forms blood cells and it is dietary para magstop na yung osteoclast na where red marrow is located magdegrade ng bone Bone lengthening / bone growth ****** Sakit ng adults in which nagstop ang bone Gigantism - hypersecretion of growth growth - acromegaly - when fusion of long hormone bones / epiphysis stop Dwarfism - hyposecretion of hormone Gigantism siya sa mga age na hindi pa ****** narereach ang puberty Acromegaly vs Gigantism - conditions that Pic of Bone Markings cause excessive growth Gigantism - sa mga bata before growth Pic of projection plates close - results in excessive growth Head and facet - connected to sternum in body size / hyper secretion of growth Alamin mo parts ng sternum te hormones Ramus - yung sa mandible Acromegaly - happens after growth plates is nafuse na - leads sa enlargement Bone Markings extremities, facial, and organs - reveal where muscles, tendons, and Dangerous pa rin tong mga to since ligaments were attached and where blood continuous yung growth kasi pwedeng vessels and nerves passed hindi na masupport yung body - 2 categories of bone markings: Growth hormones - yung nagpapalaki sayo - projections pero hindi lang sya ang responsible we also - grow out from the bone surface have the parathyroid hormone (detecting - heads, trochanters, spines calcium level pag mataas magstop - depressions  - indentations in the bone - play a role in matrix calcification - kasi - All except facet. So these are meatus, bone forming sila sinus, fossa, notch, foramen Tendon - connect muscle to bone Osteocytes Ligaments - bone to bone particularly in - mature bone cell that monitors and joints maintains mineralized bone matrix - mature bone cells that occupy spaces MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY (lacuna) that conform to their shape - monitor and maintain bone matrix Cells of Bone Tissue - needed to preserve caclium - act as stress or strain sensors and respond 4 are mesenchymal cells except osteoclast to mechanical stimuli since connective tissue siya - Bone loading, bone deformation, and Osteogenic cell weightlessness - stem cells - acted upon by osteoclast and osteoblast - Other term “osteoprogenitor cell” - for bone remodeling - also called osteoprogenitor cells Pag namamatay osteocytes yung matrix na - mitotically active stem cells (continuously nakapalibot nareresorb dividing cell. “Mitosis” lahat naguundergo except sex cells) → membranous Bone Lining Cells periosteum and endosteum - dito nakikita - flat cells found on bone surfaces - In growing bones - no bone remodelling is happening - OC is flattened or squamous shape - they are thought to help maintain the - stimulated matrix - changes into osteoblast or bone lining - external bone surface → periosteal cells cell while others persist as osteogenic - internal bone surface → endosteal cells cells para next time na kailangan pwede lang sya magdifferentiate ulit into 2 Osteoclasts - bone-resorbing cell Osteoblasts - giant multinucleated cells located at sites - “matrix-synthesizing cell” responsible for of bone resorption bone growth - from same hematopoietic stem cells → like - Immature cell macrofages (one of phagocytic cell. - “bone-forming cells” that secrete bone Destruction din ginagawa ng osteoclast matrix (naghahawak sakanila and site of like this macrofages ) division) - bone resorption - Like fibroblast and chondroblast - they rest in the resoprtion bay and (immature cells) —> actively mitotic exhibit raffled border which directly - Unmineralized bone matrix - they secrete contacts the bone - pag wala ginagawa includes collagen (90% bone protein) and - the deep plasma membrane infoldings of calcium-binding proteins that make up the the ruffled border tremendously increase initial unmineralized bone, or osteoid the surface area for enzymatically degrading the bones and seal off that area  from the surrounding matrix - dinedegrade Canaliculi bones using enzymatic degradation of - Connect the lacunae to each other and to bones the central canal - the breakages MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF COMPACT BONE Instertitial Lamella Outer covering - periosteum - “Incomplete lamellae” Loob yung sa spongy bone - endosteum - Fill the gaps between forming osteons MEMORIZE THE PARTS Circumferential Lamella Osteon / Haversian System - Located just deep to the periosteum and - structural unit of compact bone that is just superficial to the endosteum elongated cylinder, parallel to the long axis - Extend around the entire circumference of of the bone the diaphysis - tiny weight-bearing pillars - group of hallow tubes Bone Growth - Ossification Lamella - Process of bone formation - “little-plate” - Epiphyseal plate - each matrix tube from an osteon - Allow for growth of long bone during May different directions kasi they add childhood strength to bones to resits fractures kasi - Becomes the epiphyseal line when kung straight line mabilis mabali growth stops - New cartilage is continuously formed Central Canal / Haversian Canal - Older cartilage becomes ossified (naging - contains the small blood vessels and nerve bone na - hyaline to bone) fibers that serve the osteon cells - Cartilage is broken down - Bone replaces cartilage Perforating Canal / Folkman Canal - They lengthen and kept being remodeled - Second type of canals until growth stops - lie at right angles to the long axis of the - They change in diameter: bone "Appositional growth” - Connect the blood and nerve supply of the Originally hyaline cartilage yung mga buto periosteum to those in the central canals flexible and the medullary cavity From outside ito ang pathway para yung pic na may embryo, tsaka isang bone makasupply ng nutrients needed by the bone Maliit pa lang tas pag may blood supply lumalaki yung cavity nagkakaroon ng Spider-shaped osteocytes increase ng yellow marrow. Yung hyaline - They occupy the lacuna at the junctions of caritlage sa fetus and embryo, naging articular the lamellae cartilage and spongy bone sa child and yung epiphyseal plate cartilage yung nagpapahaba and spongy bone yung nagpapawide. Lumiliit - open reduction ang epiphyseal plate hanggang sa maging - surgery is performed and the bone ends epiphyseal line pag tapos ng puberty. are secured together with pins or wires - then they are immobilized by casting or traction to allow the healing process to begin BONE FRACTURE - simple fracture - bones are susceptible (at risk) to fractures / - 6-8 weeks breaks - pero nawiwithstand naman minsan - longer for larger bones and older bones since may tensile strength. The hyoid bone (sa neck) in case of nasasakal may nabbreak na bone (hyoid) kaya namamatay. STAGES IN THE HEALING OF BONE - exceptional trauma that twists or FRACTURE. (Pic) smashes the bones - hematoma formation - football, skating, and skiing, and - May blood leakage kasi nabreak blood automobile accidents supply - occur more often to old age bones that is - fibrocartilaginous callus formation thin and weak - After days siguro magkakaroon ng - bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate internal callus the skin - closed fracture - May blood vessels na rin para mapabilis - broken ends that penetrate the skin - open healing fracture - May spongy bone trabeculae since need magrepaire ulit COMMON TYPES OF BONE FRACTURES - If nasupplyan na ng mabuti next stage na (pic) - Bony callus formation Comminuted - nawasak - If may sobra sobra madedegrade and Compression - aayusin ng osteoclast Depression - ex: mga nakamotor - EXPLAIN PROCESS OF BONE Impacted - pumasok tas nacrush yung bone HEALING Spiral - sports like wrestling Greenstick The Axial Skeleton TYPES OF FRACTURE The Skull (Pic) - 2 sets of bones - cranium - facial bones BONE FRACTURE - sutures - it is treated with - reduction - the - joins the bones of the skull together realignment of the broken bone ends - interlocking, immovable joints - closed reduction - kapag nattwist ankle like - Jaw bone / mandible = lower jaw pinapahila - attached to skull by a freely movable - bone ends are coaxed back into their joint normal position Right Lateral view Coronal suture - connectes parietal & frontal Lambdoid suture - parietal and occipital Squamous suture - parietal and temporal Superior view Zygomatic bone known as cheekbone Ethmoid bone cribriform plate - cranial nerve 1 - Frontal View olfacotry. Pag namadamge maipit yung nerve What connects 2 parietal bone - sagittal suture and pwede magkaroon ng anostia - no sense Occipitomasteoid suture - connects parietal of smell and occipital Crista Galli (“cockscomb”) - outer Zygomatic process - connects zygomatic bone cover of brane dito nakaattach & temporal bone - bridging bone Mastoid process - posteriorly inferior to Sphenoid bone - butterfly shaped external auditory meatus. Air filled bone. - forms flor of vrain -resting site. Posterior May synus dito pag magkaroon ka ng otitis sa likod ng sphenoid is sella turcica in media mainfection yung process and which pituitary gland rests mainflame — mastoiditis - Posteriorly lateral the turcica is the foramen ovale (trigeminal nerve) Middle nasal conche & Inferior nasal conche - nagbibigay turbulunce or ayos ng hangin Jugular foramen - nadaan pinakamalaking pasok sa ilong vein patungo sa ulo anterior is Internal acoustic meatus (cran 7 and 8 - kung ano Optic canal - may Cranial nerves - galing sa pang hearing) brain, brain stems para magkaroon ng senses. 12 cranial nerves ang meron - need to kasi Occipital bone - most posterior bone of may butas sa skulls dun sila pumapasok. - cranium dito pumapasok cranila nerve 2. Superior orbital feasure - dumadaan ang 3 4 Inferior view 6 Mandibular fossa - site of attachment ng mandible kaya movable Olfactory Optic nerve 2 Carotid canal - posterior sa ovale. Dito Oculomotor nerve dumadaan ang internal carotid artery Trochlear nerve (nagsusupply ng madaming blood sa brain) Trigemnial nerve Abduscence nerve Occipital condyle - nakaconnect 1st vertebra Facial nerve Vestibulococlear nerve Glosofary cranil nerve Etmoid bone - forms medial wall of orbit Vagous nerve Sphenid bone - posterior wall Spinal accessory nerve Zygomstic bone - floor of orbit Hypoglosal nerve Frontal - roof PARANASAL SINUSES (air spaces) - may SPINAL CURVATURE mga mucosal linings (pwede magkaroon ng - Primary curvature fluid accum and pwede magkaroon ng inflam - Spinal curvatures in the thoracic and (sinusitis) ) sacral regions - They produce a C-shaped spine of the HYOID BONE - not part of skull pero newborn baby connected by ligaments sa styroid process and - Secondary curvature temporal bone. Hanging bone - siya lang - Cervical and lumbar curvature regions yung isang naseparate nz bone. Nakaconnect - Develop sometime after birth - pag posterior tongue. Adams apple - thyroid nagkakaroon na ng maayos na posture cartilage not the hyoid bone. Scoliosis - sideways - thoracic and lumbar din Kyphosis - affected ang thoracic and lumbar THE FETAL SKULL Lordosis - duck-like, offset is anterior parang - important a d fuse ang buto ng bata para nagppray mabilis ilabas. May mga spaces sa ulo nila na nagccompress para liliit yug size - Anterior fontanel - largest THORACIC VERTEBRAE VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE) - galing dun ang ribs??? - nagspan from skull to tail bone cocyx - 33 bones before birth - 26 pagnagfuse yung bones sa lower vertebra sa sacrum (5 fuse) 12 ang ribs pero d nakaconnect lahat. and coccyx (3 to 5) - Intervertebral disc - nagseseparate sa bones Costal facet for rib - nakaconnect ribs sa taas Sacrum and coccyx HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE - 5 fuse sacrum - herniated disc - drying of the disc along - 3 to 5 coccyx bone nagfuse weakening of ligaments of vertebral column. Superior articular process ang nakadikit sa L5 - Can be result of cristing force - pinakamababang part ng vertebra - If protruding disc presses on the spinal cord or the spinal nerves existing from Yung Alae - nakadikit sa pelvic girdle - the cord numbness and excruciating pain pakpak na nakaconnect sa pelvic girdle in the can result sacor illiac joints Sacrum Lateral to Sacral crest - posterior sacral APPENDICULAR SKELETON foramena. - lateral side and lower part of axial - Clavicle or collar bone & scapula - they Sacral canal - papuntang sacral hiatus make up pectoral girdle Coccyx - “tail bone” - Upper limbs - longest - humerus - pag bumagsak ng paupo ito ang tatama Pectoral girdle - clavicle & scapula Acromioclavicular joint (shoulder joint) - THE BONY THORAX (thoracic cage) nagjjoin ng clavicle and scapula Bumubuo dito is Yung sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebra Clavicle - slender double-curved bone 12 ang ribs but not all are connected to nakaconnect sa manubrium medialy kasi nasa sternum kasi 12 pairs of ribs pero may gitna yung manubrium. Laterally nakaconnect conoconsider na true ribs and false ribs sha sa scapula. It brace to hold the arm away Rib 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - true ribs - sila lang from top of the thorax. nakaconnect directly sa sternum Rib 8 9 10 - false ribs - sumabit lang sa Parts ng clavicle - yung sternum end yun connection ng rib 7 yung nakaconnect sa manubrium. Yung Rib 11 12 - floating ribs pero considered as acromial end - shoulder false. Kasi hanging sila Intercostal - spaces between ribs and may Acromion ng scapula - dito nakaconnect muscles na nakacover clavicle Yung parang white is ligaments Glenoid cavity - nakasalpak yung proximal ng humerus The sternum - manubrium 2 important process sa scapula - acromion and - depression sa gitna ng collarbone is jugilar coracoid process knotch - katapat is 3rd thoracic vertebra - May 3 landmarks na cinoconsider - 3 borders of scapula palatandaan sa ibang structures pa - lateral, medial, superior - Sternal angle “angel of Louis” - connects manubrium and body together - bakit isang Loose attachement of scapula may flaring to landmark - may transverse ridge na allow movement of shoulder finoform sa 2nd rib and 2nd intercostal - katapat ng second intercostal space and Hindi nadidislocate agad agad ang shoulder joinings of 2nd ribs. angle Loui kasi supported ng ligaments - Xiphisternal joint - body and sifoids process meets. Significant: Yung T9 katapat neto. BONES OF THE UPPER LIMBS HANDS Upper limbs - 33 separate bones 8 bones carpals 5 bones metacarpals Phalenges - sa thumb proximal and distal lang Part ng kamay kung san nandun humerus - ang meron arm May nakaattach na muscle sa deltoid tuberosity - deltoid muscle Lateral to trochlea is capitulum. Superior sa torchlea is coronoid fossa (for ulna) Radial fossa - nakaconnect radius pag nagfflex Bone for elbow - olcecranon (part of ulna) Radius and Ulna - membrane na nagdidikit dito is interosseous membrane - Connection in between - radial notch of ulna. Ang nagdudugtong is yung proximal radioulnar joint - May styloid process sila Trochlear notch - nagsslide elbow papunta sa humerus Pano pag nagtwtwist ang kamay… radius pag twinist paloob magccrossover sa ulna