SIM Week 4-5 D (B) GE15 SECOND EXAM PDF

College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-...

College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118 BIG PICTURE WEEK 4-5 Unit Learning Outcome d (ULOd) Discuss how species interaction shape biological communities. METALANGUAGE Below are the essential terms that you are going to encounter in the pursuit of ULOd. 1. Biological Communities – The term biological community refers to all the living components in an ecosystem. A slightly different concept is encompassed in the word biota, which refers to all flora and fauna, or plant and animal life, in a particular region. 2. Predation it is referring to a biological interaction where one organism captures and kills other organisms, its prey. 2.1. It is one of the known modes of feeding behaviors that includes parasitism and micropredation and parasitoids. 3. A symbiotic relationship is referring to any close and long-term biological interaction between two different organisms. 3.1. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, may be of the same or different species. 4. Mutualism it is referring to a biological and ecological interaction where both organisms benefit from each other. 11.1. It is one of the known ecological interactions. 5. Parasitism. A symbiotic relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. 6. Keystone species. It is a concept that was introduced by Robert T. Paine in 1969. It pertains to species relative to its abundance is a disproportionate effect on its natural environment. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES A population consists of all individuals of a single species that exist together at a given place and time. A species is a single type of organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. All of the populations living together in the same area make up a community. An ecosystem is made up of the living organisms in a community and the nonliving things, the physical and chemical factors, that they interact with. 1|Page  College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118 https://www.bursahaga.com/ The living organisms within an ecosystem are its biotic factors and the physical and chemical features are abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include resources living organisms need, such as light, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, good soil, and nitrogen, phosphorous, and other nutrients. Abiotic factors also include environmental features that are not materials or living things, such as living space and the right temperature range. Energy moves through an ecosystem in one direction. https://sciencenotes.org/biotic-and-abiotic-factors-in-ecology/ Organisms must make a living. This means that each individual organism must acquire enough food energy to live and reproduce. A species' way of making a living is called its niche. An example of a niche is making a living as a top carnivore, an animal that eats other animals, but is not eaten by any other animals. Every species fills a niche, and niches are almost always filled in an ecosystem. An organism’s habitat is where it lives. The important characteristics of a habitat include climate, the availability of food, water, and other resources, and other factors, such as weather. 2|Page  College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118 https://slideplayer.com/slide/10578551/ What Is a Community? A community is the biotic part of an ecosystem. It consists of all the populations of all the species in the same area. It also includes their interactions. Species interactions in communities are important factors in natural selection. They help shape the evolution of the interacting species. There are three major types of community interactions: predation, competition, and symbiosis. Predation is a relationship in which members of one species (the predator) consume members of another species (the prey). Competition is a relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place. The resources might be food, water, or space. There are two different types of competition: 1. Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. For example, two male birds of the same species might compete for mates in the same area. This type of competition is a basic factor in natural selection. It leads to the evolution of better adaptations within a species. 2. Interspecific competition occurs between members of different species. For example, predators of different species might compete for the same prey. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits. For the other species, the relationship may be positive, negative, or neutral. There are three basic types of symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. 3|Page  College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118 https://www.guyhowto.com/symbiosis-definition-types-examples/ A food chain is an arrangement of the organisms according to the order of predation in which one uses another as a food source. It also shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem.it allows one to identify what eats what. The trophic level refers to the position of organisms in the food chain. A food web shows interlocking food chains. It allows one to see the precise feeding relationship among populations of organisms. https://biodifferences.net/difference-between-food-chain-and-food-web/ 4|Page  College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118 The food chain is the part of the natural ecosystem in which food, nutrients, and energy are transmitted from one organism to another organism whereas the food web is a system in which numerous food chains are interconnected with each other. In an ecosystem, all living organisms depend on each other for food which develops a food chain and in this way, they survive and reproduce. But organisms cannot depend on only one type of food chain so they have to interact with another type of food chain which eventually leads to the formation of a food web. All types of food chains have sunlight, producer, consumer, and decomposer as its components. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS Communities are complex systems that can be characterized by community structure (the number and size of populations and their interactions) and community dynamics (how the members and their interactions change over time). Understanding community structure and dynamics allows us to minimize impacts on ecosystems and manage ecological communities we benefit from. A keystone species is one whose presence has inordinate influence in maintaining the prevalence of various species, the ecological community’s structure, and sometimes its biodiversity. Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and composition over time, often following environmental disturbances such as volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, fires, and climate change. Communities with a relatively constant number of species are said to be at equilibrium. The equilibrium is dynamic with species identities and relationships changing over time, but maintaining relatively constant numbers. Following a disturbance, the community may or may not return to the equilibrium state. Succession describes the sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community over time after a severe disturbance. In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living organisms. In secondary succession, a part of an ecosystem is disturbed and remnants of the previous community remain. In both cases, there is a sequential change in species until a more-or-less permanent community develops. HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT In contrast to the millions of years that extinctions normally occur, human activity is directly responsible for hundreds of extinctions in the last two centuries. Humans have altered the earth in previously unheard-of ways as the twenty-first century goes on. Human impact on the environment has become one of the main topics all over the world. Here are some of the negative impacts of human population on the environment: Overpopulation Pollution Global Warming 5|Page  College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118 Genetic Modification Ocean Acidification Overfishing Deforestation Acid Rain Ozone Depletion SELF-HELP You can refer to the sources below to help you further understand the lesson. Marten. G.G. 2008. Human Ecology: Basic Concepts for Sustainable Development. Earthscan, USA Cunningham, W. P., and Cunningham, M., 2010. Environmental Science: A Global Concern.11th Edition. McGraw Hill, New York. Botkin, D., and Keller, E., 2011. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet. 8th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, USA LET’S CHECK Activity 4. Answer the following briefly: 1. Discuss the features of a biological community. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Differentiate biological community from ecological system.. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Are natural resource have effect on the species composition, structure, and function. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. Discuss the importance of community interactions.. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 5. Why organisms compete? Can competition favor or eliminate biological species. 6|Page  College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118 _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 6. For an ideal community interaction, what must be observed? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ LET’S ANALYZE Activity No. 4. In this activity, you require to elaborate your answer once again to each of the questions provided below. 1. How human disturbance affects ecosystems? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Identify physical and biological factors that are most important in shaping the biotic community. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. What are the factors that limit ecosystem functionality? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. Develop a conceptual framework that depicts the relationship between physical, chemical, and biological factors in shaping communities and maintaining biological diversity. Discuss your framework comprehensively. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Discussion of the Framework: 7|Page  College of Arts and Sciences Education 2nd Floor, DPT Building Matina Campus, Davao City Phone No.: (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 118 IN A NUTSHELL Activity No. 4. The approaches of environmental studies viewed as a very complicated process. With the human population on many ecosystems that are widely dispersed around the globe also have detrimental impacts on biological communities as well about sustainability. Ecosystems and communities have evolved to keep abreast of the changing activities within a specific geographical unit. The physical, chemical and biological attributes of different communities will determine how our ecosystems will be in the many years to come. In this part, you require to draw conclusions, perspectives, and arguments about ecological system functions and communities' patterns from the unit lesson. I will supply the first two items, and you will continue the rest. 1. Human introduction and removal of biological species in a community have a profound effect on the community structure and its ecosystem functions. It is significant to consider long-term studies and investigation before embarking on this undertaking. It might hamper ecological services performed by organisms, neither limits ecosystems functionality, adding a new set of organisms in a community. 2. Species interactions are important in the process of natural selection. Through these processes, the unique set of organisms and environmental conditions will determine key organisms that can continue to flourish and pass off their genes to their offsprings, which will be the second line of resilient organisms that will shape a new set of biological communities. YOUR TURN 3. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Q&A LIST Do you have any questions for clarification? Questions/ Issues Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. KEYWORDS INDEX Community Predation Habitat Species Competition Keystone species Interaction Symbiosis Ecological structure 8|Page