AP Government Unit I Review Fall 2024 PDF

AP Government Unit I Review Fall 2024 NOT AN ASSIGNMENT Natural rights - Unalienable rights (can’t be taken away) born with these rights Social contract People will do certain things (pay taxes, defend land, etc...) the government agrees to help the people (be kind, pass reasonable law...

AP Government Unit I Review Fall 2024 NOT AN ASSIGNMENT Natural rights - Unalienable rights (can’t be taken away) born with these rights Social contract People will do certain things (pay taxes, defend land, etc...) the government agrees to help the people (be kind, pass reasonable laws, etc...) - one side violates contract other can defend and take order - People revolt, government death penalty take away liberty Republicanism (republic) Republicanism - representative democracy - Civic virtue, political participation, good citizenship, purity, social contract Pluralist democracy (pluralism) Idea that we encourage different groups of people in our society to advocate for what they want - multiple groups (political parties) Hyperpluralism Interest groups become so powerful they block things from happening, different groups battle out, they emerge, become powerful and can block things like change, ideas, crush their opponents. - things don’t get accomplished Gridlock when the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by different parties, or by a different party than the party of the president. Elite democracy Power in the country is with elites. Elections do happen but it doesn’t matter bc the elite class really control things Federalists v Antifederalists Federalists: - strong centralized government Antifederalists: - didn’t like the federal government having a lot of power, wanted a participatory government Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation It created a government that created no power. Central government was really weak because of all the things the government Currency was a main problem. 13 different currencies at the same time made it difficult. Regulating trade was difficult, there were trade wars. No president. With no power to tax so a poor government. Great Compromise Virginia Plan - Congressional representatives should be apportioned by population - Big states would have more representatives and thus have more power New Jersey Plan - Each state should be represented equally with one vote per state - Small states have a disproportionate amount of power Results: - bicameral congress - House and Senate - Electoral college Electoral college (compromise) One idea was to have the states, congress, pick the president. Both plans were rejected. So the president doesn't have to behold their job to them. Need an independent president. - Electoral college (meet once every four years just to elect president)(each state have certain number of electors) - Original plan: each elector would get two votes (2nd place is vice president) - now the vice president is not second place and now States elect the electors Three-fifths Compromise Slaves to count for taxes as one person, but not for representation 3⁄5 rule south: don’t count for taxes, count for congress representation Electoral College - then and now Meet once every four years to elect president depends on population for electoral votes Amendment process two-thirds of both houses of Congress can vote to propose an amendment, or two-thirds of the state legislatures can ask Congress to call a national convention to propose amendments. Separation of powers v. checks and balances (difference) three branches, those three branches can clean and balance the different branches Delegated powers (exclusive) Exclusive powers to the federal government - coining money - Declaring war - Regulating interstate commerce Pros and cons of federalism Federalism: division of power between federal, state, and local governments (sharing of power) Concurrent powers Powers given to both the state and federal government Example: - tax - Building roads - Create lower courts Dual federalism This was the original idea. AKA layer cake federalism. The state and federal government have very distinct separate duties and jobs. Until 1933 (the New Deal) Cooperative federalism 1933- onward more or less mixed together still have distinct state and federal jobs. States and federals can cooperate with each other to do stuff. No clear job of the states and federal. Federal revenue sharing States share their money with other forms of government share a portion of governemnts profit Mandates and unfunded mandates A must do. Must improve test scores. (No child left behind). Testing system to keep track of students, rewards and punishments when test scores go up or down. Example of an unfunded mandate. Block grants A whole bunch of money spend it on (education transportation). Has a general purpose and the federal government gives money to spend it on something. Block grants have few string attached, states have more freedom on spending Categorical grants A specific project (high speed railroad)money is earmarked for that task. Specific money for specific projects. 10th Amendment (reserved powers) Powers that are not reserved to the government are implied powers to states and reserved to them. Extradition Government must send back felon who fled Privileges and immunities clause States can’t treat non residents unfairly Full faith and credit clause Birth certificate or marriage license Commerce compromise and commerce clause commerce compromise - north wanted to tax imports and exports and the south didn’t - Decided that improts would be taxed and exports wouldn’t Commerce clause - congress can regulate commerce with foreign nations and interstate. Necessary and proper clause (Article I Section 8 Clause 18) Implied powers of congress Enumerated powers (primarily Article I Section 8) Powers that are written Implied powers Article one section 8 clause 18 - necessary and proper - Powers not clearly states are implied - Derived from the express but aren’t clearly stated McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Hamilton said National bank would be useful jefferson said it’s not justified by the constitution Hamilton said it’s implied. Bank was established, and then a second bank. Bank set up in Baltimore and that any thing with the bank needed to have issued on marylands paper that needs to be bought. Maryland was trying to tax the federal government. Went to court, and state court of Maryland ruled Maryland. Supreme Court said no to Maryland that you can’t tax the bank of the United States/ anything. States can’t tax the federal government And doctrine of implied power, implied powers are ok States can’t tax the federal government And doctrine of implied power, implied powers are ok U.S. v Lopez (1995) Gun free school zone act (1990). Lopez brought a gun to school with no intent to shoot anyone. Arrest charged and convicted under this federal law. He challenged the law saying congress doesn’t have the power to do this. His lawyer said congress based the law on the power to regulate commerce. Based on the commerc clause. (Guns can be purchased in one state and fransfede din another). Ruled against congress. Supreme Court told congress they stressed the rule too far. Don’t have right to ban guns at school. Supreme Court said states can pass those laws court ruled commerce laws doesn’t provide congress with authority. Congress exceed authority. Congress jobs: (1) commerce (2) power to tax Marbury v Madison (1803) - judicial review - Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional Brutus 1 - broad participatory model - Argued dangers of large, centralized governemnt. Not represent views of people largely seperated Federalist 10 - pluralist democracy - Madisom concerned on mischiefs of factions in republic - Faction: groups of people who beleive their interests are more important than any other interests - Try to manage their effects - 1. Seperation of powers - 2. Sharing powers with federal and state government Federalist 51