Sex Hormones and Contraceptives 2025 PDF

‫‪Sex hormones and contraceptive‬‬ ‫محمد حازم داخل ‪Presented By:‬‬ ‫‪drugs‬‬ ‫صالح‬ ‫عباس محمد‬ ‫محمد مهدي صالح‬ ‫علي عمار يوسف‬ ‫حسين عمار حسين‬ ‫مصطفى عماد مصطفى‬ ‫حيدر اسو كمال‬ ‫‪URUK U...

‫‪Sex hormones and contraceptive‬‬ ‫محمد حازم داخل ‪Presented By:‬‬ ‫‪drugs‬‬ ‫صالح‬ ‫عباس محمد‬ ‫محمد مهدي صالح‬ ‫علي عمار يوسف‬ ‫حسين عمار حسين‬ ‫مصطفى عماد مصطفى‬ ‫حيدر اسو كمال‬ ‫‪URUK UNIVERSITY| 2025‬‬  Sex Hormones Sex hormones are steroid hormones primarily produced by the gonads, such as the ovary in females and testes in males. The two major classes of sex hormones are androgens and estrogens. Females have higher circulating levels of estrogens, whereas males have higher circulating levels of androgens 1 Estrogen is found in the blood and interstitial fluid. As a result of binding, estrogen penetrates the cell membrane, entering the cell nucleus and binding to its receptor. The hormone- receptor structure that results produces a dimer stop binds to a specific sequence in the genome called the estrogen-response elements (EREs) in areas of the genome that control different gene regulation of transcription 2 Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair 3  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a problem with hormones that happens during the reproductive years. Women withPCOS, may not have periods very often. Or may have periods that last many days. may also have too much of a androgen hormone in The Body 4  causes The exact cause of PCOS is unknown. There's evidence that genetics play a role. Several other factors, most importantly obesity, also play a role in causing PCOS: Higher levels of male hormones called androgens: High androgen levels prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs, which causes irregular menstrual cycles 6  symptoms 1 irregular or absent menstrual cycle 2 Excess facial and body hair 3 fertility issues 4 fatigue 5 Dark patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans) 6 Difficulty losing weight 5  Drugs for (PCOS) 1. Hormonal Contraceptives 2. Insulin-Sensitizing Agents 3. Anti-Androgens 4. Ovulation-Inducing Drugs 5. Weight Management Medications 7  Hormonal Contraceptives Hormonal contraceptives contain estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone only. They prevent pregnancy by blocking the release of eggs from the ovaries, thinning the lining of the uterus, or thickening the mucus in the cervix to help keep sperm from reaching the egg 8  Hormonal Contraceptives Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCPs) Medications containing a combination of estrogen and progestin. Primarily used for contraception and hormonal regulation. Scientific Name: Ethinyl Estradiol and Levonorgestrel (common formulation) Other formulations may include different progestins, such as norethindrone or drospirenone. 8  Mechanism of Action 1. Inhibition of Ovulation: Ethinyl estradiol (synthetic estrogen) and levonorgestrel (synthetic progestin) suppress the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) by the pituitary gland. Without the LH surge, ovulation does not occur. 2. Thickening of Cervical Mucus: Progestin thickens cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to travel through the cervix. 3. Endometrial Alterations: Changes in the uterine lining make it less receptive to implantation 9  Advantages And Usage Regulates menstrual cycles. Reduces menstrual cramps and blood flow. Provides protection against ovarian and endometrial cancer. Reduce androgens that cause excessive oil production Daily Regimen: One pill is taken at the same time every day. Cycle: Typically 21 active pills followed by 7 placebo pills (or 24 active, 4 placebo in some formulations). 10  common Side Effects 1. Nausea 2. Breast Tenderness or Enlargement 3. Headaches or Migraine 4. Mood Changes 5. Weight Gain 6.Spotting or breakthrough bleeding 11  Contraindications 1.History of Stroke or Heart Attack 2.Severe Hypertension 3.Active Liver Disease or Liver Tumors 4.Smokers over the age of 35. 5.Obesity 12  Example of a Common Brand: Microgynon (Ethinyl Estradiol 30 mcg + Levonorgestrel 150 mcg). Other brands include Yasmin, Seasonique, and Ortho Tri-Cyclen 12  MCQ What is the role of the hormone-receptor dimer formed by estrogen in the cell nucleus? a) It binds to androgen-response elements in the genome. b) It binds to estrogen-response elements (EREs) to regulate gene transcription. c) It increases the production of testosterone. d) It inhibits the release of gonadotropins Which mechanism of action helps hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy? a) Increasing the uterine lining's receptivity to implantation. b) Suppressing the release of FSH and LH to prevent the LH surge. c) Stimulating androgen production to block ovulation. d) Enhancing the mobility of sperm through cervical mucus 12  MCQ What is a significant factor contributing to the development of PCOS? a) High levels of estrogen preventing ovulation. b) Genetic predisposition and elevated androgen levels. c) Excessive progesterone in the bloodstream. d) Low androgen levels causing metabolic issues. Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia 12 THANK YOU