UPDA Electrical/Electronic Engineering Reviewer Material PDF

UPDA Electrical/Electronic Engineering Reviewer Material No. 02 1. The power factor of an alternator depends on: A. Speed of the rotor B. Core losses in the machine C. Load connected to the machine D. Armature losses to the machine 2. Fluorescent light flickers due...

UPDA Electrical/Electronic Engineering Reviewer Material No. 02 1. The power factor of an alternator depends on: A. Speed of the rotor B. Core losses in the machine C. Load connected to the machine D. Armature losses to the machine 2. Fluorescent light flickers due to: A. High voltage B. Low Voltage C. High frequency D. Low frequency 3. Which of the following theorem is used for frequency? A. Kirchhoff B. Muller C. Shannon Theorem 4. Which of the following can represent an activity on a project network? A. An arrow B. A line C. A node D. Both A & C are correct E. A, B, C are all correct F. All are incorrect 5. The Accreditation Board for Engineer and Technology (ABET) is an accrediting agency for: A. An engineering education program B. Engineering fundamentals examination C. Engineering firms D. All of the above 6. A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) generator is based on what operation? A. Exclusive OR B. Modulo 2 Division C. Bit wise add with carry D. Two’s complement addition 7. First step of scope planning starts with: A. Budgeting B. Current earning estimations C. Objective and requirements to satisfy customer Page 1 of 22 8. The term Fast Track means: A. Design/Build B. Construction starts before the design is complete C. Cost plus fixed free D. None of these above 9. In the figure: A. 6Ω, 3Ω and 9Ω are in series B. 9Ω and 6Ω in parallel and the combination in series with 3Ω C. 6Ω, 3Ω and 9Ω are in parallel D. 3Ω and 6Ω in parallel and the 9Ω series with 10. Cascade amplifier is used to reduced load effect; the output impedance will be: A. High B. Low C. Medium D. Zero 11. Output of Cascade amplifier is: A. Output of the first stage B. Output of the last stage C. Output of the stage before last stage D. None of the above 12. The CPU architecture shown in the figure below is best described as: A. Non-pipelined architecture B. 1-Stage pipeline architecture C. 2-Stage pipeline architecture D. Harvard architecture Page 2 of 22 13. Incandescent lamp will work normally with best efficiency at the power factor is: A. Unity B. 0.5 lagging C. 0.5 leading D. 0.8 leading 14. HRC Fuse means High Rupturing Capacity? A. True B. False 15. System means group of elements making a function? A. True B. False 16. A certain communication channel has a signal to noise ratio of 7 and a bandwidth of 10kHz. What is the channel capacity? A. 30 bps B. 80 bps Channel capacity = BW* log2(1+S/N) = 10000 * log2(1+7) = 30000bps C. 300 bps D. 30000 bps 17. Software maintenance activities can be classified into several maintenance types. Which of the following is not a software maintenance type? A. Adaptive maintenance B. Corrective maintenance C. Customer-initiated maintenance D. Perfective maintenance 18. An industrial plant is served by a 12470-v delta/480-v grounded-wye transformer. The high voltage side of the transformer is served from a 12470-v wye-connected distribution line that has a grounded neutral. The best protection of the transformer against lightning strikes on the 12470-v line will result from surge arrester connection of: A. Phase to ground on the 12470-v side of the transformer B. Phase to phase on the 12470-v side of the transformer C. Phase to ground on the 480-v side of the transformer D. Phase to neutral to ground on the 480-v side of the transformer 19. The primary difference between a programmable logic array designated 16R8 and one designated 20 R8 is that the 20 R8 has: A. Four additional flip flops B. Four additional input pins C. Four additional in/out pins D. 20 pins rather than 16 Page 3 of 22  20. What type of bond guarantees that if a contractor goes broke on a project, the surety will pay the necessary amount to complete the job? A. Bid bond B. Performance bond C. Acceptance bond D. Payment Bond 21. The one-line diagram below represents three single phase transformers connected in a delta-wye arrangement and rated for the line to line voltages indicated. The turns ratio of individual single-phase transformer is mostly nearly: A. 2.8 B. 4.8 C. 8.3 D. 14.4 T R = Vph (Delta) / Vph (star) = 115 / 24 = 115 / 24 = 4.8 Star-Delta Turns Ratio Likewise, for a delta–star ( Dy ) connected transformer, with a 1:1 turns ratio, the transformer will provide a 1:√3 step-up line-voltage ratio. Then for a delta-star connected transformer the turns ratio becomes: Delta-Star Turns Ratio 22. An engineer chooses open collector output TTL technology to provide sufficient current to drive a device. The circuit shown is implemented with a 7405 package and corresponds to the following logic function (assume that a logic 0 corresponds to 0V). A. AND B. NAND C. OR D. NOR Page 4 of 22 23. Which of the following junction nodes are forward biased? A. Anode = +7V, Cathode = +10V B. Anode = +5V, Cathode = +3V C. Anode = +0.3V, Cathode = +5V 24. Which of the following best describes the sequential steps in an Object-Oriented design? A. Define classes, define interface techniques, define collaboration diagrams, define design diagrams B. Define use case, define programming language, define interface techniques, define class C. Define programming language, define class models, define design class diagrams, define collaboration diagram D. Define use case, define conceptual model, define collaboration diagrams, define design class 25. Increasing the current withdrawn from a battery has what effect on the battery capacity and why? A. Increased capacity, which is caused by less internal heat loss B. Increased capacity, which is caused by lower internal resistance C. Decreased capacity, which is caused by higher load voltage drop D. Decreased capacity, which is caused by increased polarization 26. The only load on a 3-phase, 4-wire system is placed between phase B and phase C. The phase to phase voltage is 13.2kV. The load is 500kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor. The magnitude of the line current (amperes) in phase C is most nearly: A. 65.6 B. 55.8 I = KVA / KV = 500 / 13.2 = 37.9 C. 37.9 D. 32.2 27. A BJT is used to amplify in: A. the space charge region B. the active region C. the saturation region D. the ohmic region 28. An over excited alternator is operating at: A. lagging power factor B. unity power factor C. leading power factor 29. Which of the following statements best describe show a power transformer’s total losses vary with kVA load? A. Losses are linearly proportional to load B. Losses are proportional to the square root of the load C. Losses are proportional to the square of the load D. Losses are proportional to the square of the load plus a constant 30. A power plant uses a turbine-driven synchronous generator rated 3-phase, 150MVA, 13.8kV, 0.85 lagging power factor. All the rated conditions the power output (MW) is most nearly: A. 60 Page 5 of 22  B. 75 Power output (MW) = MVA * cosθ = 150*0.8 =128MW C. 125 D. 128 31. The main cause for transformer humming is: A. Vibrations in the insulating and cooling oil B. Vibration in the core lamination C. Vibration in the bushes D. None of the above 32. A synchronous motor working on a leading power factor but not driving any mechanical load is known as: A. Universal motor B. Reluctance motor C. Synchronous condenser D. None of the above 33. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and other array logic devices normally contain numerous flip- flops. These flip-flops are generally or the type: A. D B. J-K C. S-R D. T 34. The minimum standard wire gauge of earth wire is: A. 20 SWG B. 16 SWG C. 10 SWG D. 8 SWG 35. With respect to relational record-based data models at the user level, a relation is represented in a: A. Key B. List C. Queue D. Table 36. Which of the following choices is not one of the stages of a project life cycle? A. Concept B. Initiation C. Planning D. Execution E. Delivery/Closure 37. Out of the following which is the best example of a project? A. Claiming insurance B. Automobile industry Page 6 of 22  C. Studying till getting graduate degree 38. For the 4-wire RTD circuit shown, which of the following would case the greatest measurement error in Vsense? A. Increase lead A resistance by 2 B. Increase lead B resistance by 3 C. Increase lead D resistance by 3 D. Current source/has a 1% error 39. Which of the following parallel resistances will have the highest value of equivalent resistance? A. 10 kohm and 25 kohm B. 1 kohm, 2 kohm and 3 kohm C. Two 500 kohm resistors D. Four 40 kohm and two 10kohm resistors 40. 100 resistors of 100 ohm each connected in parallel. What is the equivalent resistance? A. 1000 ohm B. 1 ohm C. 1/1000 ohms D. 100 ohms 41. A 3-phase capacitor rated at 240V and 110 kVAR has been proposed for correcting the power factor of a 3-phase induction motor operating at 280 V, the reactive power (kVAR) that will be provided by the capacitor is most nearly: A. 82.6 B. 95.3 Reactive power = (kVArated/kVAoperated)2*kVARold= (240/280)2*110 = 82.6 C. 110 D. 127 42. A series of fuel cells is connected to produce a no-load voltage of 230V at a rated voltage of 300V, the cells provide 2.0MW to a DC-AC converter. Assuming the cell van be modeled as a standard battery, what is the total internal resistance of the fuel cells: Hint: (P=V²RL), (P=I²RL) A. 0.0001 B. 0.003 C. 0.05 D. 3 Page 7 of 22 43. Permanent magnet has a relative permeability that is _________ magnetic material: A. Higher than B. Lower than C. Equal to D. Not Equal to 44. For effective earthling, which of the following mixture is preferred for filling around the earth electrode? A. Lime-Sand mixture B. Saw Dust – Sand mixture C. Bone Meal mixture D. Coal-Salt mixture 45. A discrete silicon semiconductor diode is forward biased at 0.75V, what is the approximate current? Hint: VT = Kt/V, I = I0 (e(qV/kT) – 1) A. 2.0 mA B. 3.0 nA For germanium I = I0*(e40v-1) C. 1.5A For silicon: I = I0*(e20v-1), Io=dark saturation current = 611*10-12 D. 3.0 mA 46. For last switching of an NMOS R-pull up inverter (W/L) should be: A. Large B. Small C. Equal to the drain current D. Equal to the power dissipated during switching 47. The voltage regulation of an alternator is ___________ for capacitive loads. A. Positive B. Negative C. Zero D. All of the above 48. The first step of project scope definition is to: A. Analyze the strategic plan B. Analyze the current budget plan C. Meet with team members D. Select team members E. Define the major objectives to meet the customer needs 49. While machine in operation, the slip of the synchronous machine is: A. High B. Low C. Zero D. 1 50. If the induction motor speed at no-load is 745 RPM, what is the speed of the motor? A. 700 RPM Page 8 of 22  B. 750 RPM C. 800 RPM D. 850 RPM 51. Synchronous speed for motor 1600 RPM, 60hz, Calculate number of poles. A. P = 2 B. P = 4 C. P = 6 52. BJT will act as a switch in which region: A. Ohmic region B. Saturation region C. Active region D. Passive region 53. What is pipe-lining? A. Latency B. Throughput C. Both 54. A room with a floor area of 50ft x 30ft and a ceiling height of 10ft has luminaries suspended 2ft from the ceiling. Assuming a working plane of 30in and a required illumination level of 50fc, the net luminous flux (lumens) using fixtures with a coefficient of utilization of 0.78 is most nearly: A. 48000 E*A/utilization factor = 50*30*50 / 0.78 = 96000 B. 58000 C. 75000 D. 96000 55. A motor is equipped with an optical shaft encoder to measure motor speed. The optical encoder provides 200 pulses per motor revolution. A microcontroller equipped with a real-time interrupt (RTI) capability is used to measure motor speed. The RTI interval is 32.768ms. The microcontroller counts 372 pulses from the optical encoder in the RTI interval. The speed (rpm) of the motor is: A. 33 372/200/32.768*1000*60 = 3400 B. 568 C. 3276 D. 3400 56. BJT will amplify in which region? A. Ohmic Region B. Active Region C. Saturation Region D. Passive Region 57. Which of the following related to observation in a measuring instrument: A. Accuracy B. Precision C. Reproducibility Page 9 of 22 58. A digital signal needs to be modulated and transmitted. If we need to transmit 4 bits, what is the maximum number of ways it can be transmitted? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 24 = 16 D. 16 59. When using Zener Diode in regulator circuits, the output shape will be affected by: A. Dynamic resistance of the diode B. Input current passing through the diode C. Zener Voltage 60. The motor used in travelling crane is: A. Ward Leonard Controlled DC Shunt Motor B. Slip Ring AC Induction Motor C. AC Split Motor D. DC Differentially Compound Motor 61. Which of the following is not the transmission voltage in Qatar? A. 66kV B. 132kV C. 220kV D. 400kV 62. Which of the transmission voltage is not applied in Qatar Electrical Specifications? A. 66kV B. 132kV C. 220kV D. 400kV 63. An important step in the software lifecycle is testing. One type of testing is integration testing. Which of the following is not true concerning integration test? A. Integration testing is employed to integrate separately tested pieces. B. In a top-down integration test, testing begins at the top levels to see whether the overall logical design works and the interfaces between modules are correct. C. In a bottom up integration test, testing begins first at the lowest level sub-programs. A test driver is used to set-up the testing environment by declaring and assigning initial values to variables and then calls the sub-program to be tested. D. In integration testing, either a top-down or a bottom-up approach is selected to complete the test. 64. The forward pass in project network calculation determines the: A. Earliest time’s activities can begin B. Earliest time’s activities can be finished C. Duration of the project D. Critical path of the project Page 10 of 22  E. Only A & B are correct F. A, B and C are all correct 65. The single-phase motor generally used with household ceiling fans is: A. Split phase type B. Capacitor start type C. Permanent Capacitor type D. None of the above 66. The source voltage in the circuit shown is v= 100sin 377t, the peak reverse voltage applied to the diode would be: A. 2.5 B. 100 C. 141.1 D. 31.8 67. All of the following are properties of fuses rather than circuit breakers, with one exception, which item is the property of circuit breakers? A. Adjustable time-current characteristics B. Low initial costs C. Longer downtime over operation D. Simplify 68. A phase, 3-wire ungrounded, 13.2kV (phase-to-phase) wye-connected source is connected to a balanced delta load that is grounded on corner A. The voltage measured between Corner Band ground is most nearly: A. Half the Phase-to-phase voltage B. 7.62 kV C. 13.2 kV D. cannot be determined 69. The only load on a 3-phase, 4-wire system is placed between phase B and phase C. The phase-to-phase voltage is 13.2kV. The load is 500 kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor. The magnitude of the line current (ampere) in phase C is most nearly: A. 65.6 B. 55.8 C. 37.9 D. 32.2 70. Which one is the harmonic source in the following list? A. Variable impedance loads B. Saturable magnetic loads C. Power electronic based loads D. All of the above Page 11 of 22 71. A low-pass filter is used to: A. Stop low frequencies B. Pass a band of frequencies C. Stop high frequencies D. Stop a band of frequencies 72. A 3-phase, 60-Hz induction motor has a nameplate speed of 1600 rpm. This motor has how many poles: A. 2.0 B. 4.0 C. 6.0 D. 8.0 73. Which of the following is a name for a set of indices and values? A. Array B. Stack C. Queue D. FIFO 74. Your boss has just approved the initiation of a project to celebrate Qatar National Day. Sadia has been assigned the project manager as should be: A. Establish the reporting process to the boss B. Work on the project scope C. Make a report on required cost for the project D. Develop the project charter to do the project E. Ask the boss as to how many team members would be allowed in the project 75. The spinning reserve is the: A. Generating capacity that is connected to the grid and ready to take the load B. Generating capacity that is available for service but not in operation C. Generating capacity under maintenance D. None of the above 76. Two resistances R1 and R2 give combined resistance of 4.5 ohms when in series and 1 ohm when in parallel. The resistances are: A. 3 ohms and 6 ohms B. 3 ohms and 9 ohms C. 1.5 ohms and 3 ohms D. 1.5 ohms and 0.5 ohms 77. An underground system is built for a military marine system with a normal voltage level. A following fault analysis design the insulation is most nearly the voltage level for which the insulation on the distribution system is designed? A. (1 / √3) A B. √3) A C. √2) A D. 2A Page 12 of 22 78. The voltage gain of an amplifier with 9% negative feedback is 10. The voltage gain without feedback will be: A. 10 B. 1.25 C. 100 D. 90 79. Block plot shown below, what type? A. High pass filter B. Low pass filter C. Band pass filter D. Band stop filter 80. Terminal represents control input of BJT: A. Emitter B. Base C. Collector 81. The minimum standard wire gauge of earth wire is: A. 20 SWG B. 16 SWG C. 10 SWG D. 8 SWG 82. An activity in a project network can be represented by which of the following? A. Arrow B. Line C. Node D. All of the above 83. Harmonics in a system is mainly due to: A. Variable Imp Load B. Saturated Magnetic Load C. Power Electronics Load D. All of the above 84. What is analysis technique to determine effect of multi-sources? A. Kirchhoff Law B. Shannon Law C. Miller Law Page 13 of 22  D. Superposition 85. What is meant by Ethics? A. Codes of behavior and courtesy. B. General and abstract concept of right and wrong behavior culled from philosophy, theology, professional societies. C. A system of rules established by authority, society or custom where violation carry penalties. D. Accepted standards of right and wrong applied to personal behavior driven by religious and or family and environment background. 86. Referring to the figure the voltage V across till: 50-U resistor is: A. 35 B. 51 C. 71 D. 92 Z = (R2+(Xl2-Xc2))0.5 87. The collector region of transistor is doped? A. Heavily B. Moderately C. Lightly 88. A transmitter operating at 23.6GHz has a power output of 20nW. A receiver is located 8miles from the transmitter (dB) is: A. 142 B. 124 C. 119 D. 115 89. First line in Transmission is used for? A. Ground B. R-Phase C. B-Phase D. Neutral 90. In HDL Based digital systems the arithmetic multiplication function is difficult to synthesize. Design solution to this challenge do not include: A. Sequential generation of partial products B. Hardware intensive simultaneous generation of partial products C. Implementation of booths algorithm to minimize generation of partial products D. Sequential right shifts of the arguments 91. An OP-AMP based inverting amplifier; the INPUT impedance is: A. Zero Page 14 of 22  B. Infinity C. Equal to the feedback resistance D. Equal to the resistance connected 92. An OP-AMP based Non-inverting amplifier; the INPUT impedance is: A. Zero B. Infinity C. Equal to the feedback resistance D. Equal to the resistance connected 93. An OP-AMP based inverting amplifier; the OUTPUT impedance is: A. Zero B. Infinity C. Equal to the feedback resistance D. Equal to the resistance connected 94. An OP-AMP based Non-inverting amplifier; the OUTPUT impedance is: A. Zero B. Infinity C. Equal to the feedback resistance D. Equal to the resistance connected 95. An OP-AMP based Non-inverting amplifier; the OUTPUT resistance is: A. Zero B. Infinity C. Relative forward resistance D. Same as the input resistance 96. Which circuit breaker in commonly used in the distribution level? A. Air Circuit Breaker B. Air Blast Circuit Breaker C. SF6 Circuit Breaker D. Tank Type Oil Circuit Breaker 97. In general, when comparing BJT and MOSFET transistors, three main differences: A. The device that depends more on geometry (width, Length, etc.) is BJT B. The device is capable of higher amplification is MOSFET C. The device that dissipates no power at the input (zero input current) is MOSFET 98. Which one of the engineering characteristics can best explain the following concept? Base your decision on reason rather than emotion. A. Quantitative Thinking B. Interpersonal Skill Page 15 of 22  C. Honesty D. Logical Thinking 99. Which of the following characteristics of a data network is never a correct of a packet switched network? A. A transmitted packet contains source and destination address coding, information, and error control bits B. Individual packets of a long message can be routed under different paths by the switching exchange equipment C. The address coding is transparent to a user. D. A transmitted packet contains only information bits. 100. According to the Nyquist Sampling Theorem, a sufficient condition for these to be no aliasing in the sampled signal is that the highest frequency in the signal point to sampling must be: A. Less than the half of the sampling frequency. B. Greater than half of the sampling frequency. C. Less than the sampling frequency. D. Greater than the sampling frequency. 101. If the signal is power doubled at a given transmitter, what is the decibel increase? A. 0.5 dB B. 2 dB C. 3 dB D. 4 dB 102. In optical communication Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is called? A. Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM) B. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) C. Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) D. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 103. TQM stands for: A. Tool Quality Management B. Test Quality Manager C. Total Quality Manager D. Total Quality Management 104. Intersymbol interface is eliminated by applying which of the following? A. Nyquist Criterion B. Pulse Code Modulation C. Shannon Bandwidth D. SSB Modulation 105. Which is liquid in the following substances? A. Al B. In Page 16 of 22  C. Hg D. Ni 106. The power factor of an alternator is obtained from its: A. Excitation B. Speed C. Load D. None of the above 107. Two circuit components of reliability R1 = 0.92 ohms and R2 = 0.85 ohms. If anyone of the circuit components fails circuit works perfect. What is the combination of reliability of both the components? A. 0.78 B. 0.85 (R1+R2) –R1R2 = (0.92+0.85) – (0.92*0.85) = 0.99 C. 0.92 D. 0.99 108. A variable resistance R is connected across a source of voltage V, if the value of the resistance R is gradually varied, the relationship between I and R will be represented by which curve? A. Figure A B. Figure B C. Figure C D. Figure D 109. Considering the interdisciplinary nature of engineering projects currently, which of the below is true: A. Engineers should be well trained in one specific field of engineering only B. Engineers should be well trained in multiple engineering fields C. Engineers should have a mild idea about all engineering fields D. Engineers from a specific field should seek assistance from the specialized engineers in different field 110. In 50hz induction machine, if the no load speed is 2900 RPM, the slip frequency is: A. 0.33 Hz B. 0.67 Hz C. 1.33 Hz D. 1.67 Hz 111. I/P side of the GSM network should contain: A. Low Pass Filter B. High Pass Filter Page 17 of 22  C. Band Pass Filter D. None of the above 112. Power consumption in Advanced Embedded can be reduced by using: A. Pipe Lining B. Voltage sensing C. Parallelizing D. None of the above 113. Which of the following regression models is not considered to be a linear regression model for predicting Y in terms of X: A. B. C. D. 114. Which of the below device is faster and consumes less power in large scale projects? A. DSP (Digital Signal Processing) B. Microcontroller C. FGPA (Field Programmable Gate Array) D. ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) 115. In Fig 1.5.1 What is the purpose of Block B? A. A Tuned RF Amplifier B. An FM amplifier C. An IF Amplifier D. An AF pre-amplifier 116. The highest element in the hierarchical breakdown of the WBS is: A. Deliverables B. A cost accounts C. Work package D. The project 117. The lowest element in the hierarchical breakdown of the WBS is: A. Deliverables B. A Work Package C. A Cost Account D. A Lowest Sub deliverable E. An Object F. None of the above Page 18 of 22 118. A Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is designed to perform FFT operations for a digital oscilloscope that utilizes a 12-bit A/D converter, the most cost effective ALU architecture for this CPU is a: A. Fixed point multiplier with an 8-bit data path B. Floating point multiplier with an 8-bit data path C. Fixed point multiplier with a 16-bit data path D. Floating point multiplier with a 16-bit data path 119. The fan out of a logic gate is: A. The number of gates in parallel with it B. Its propagation delays. C. The number of gates connected to its output. D. The number of gates connected to its input. 120. Splitting project into tasks and estimate time and resources required to complete each task is called: A. Project scheduling B. Project optimization C. Project Control 121. A large scale integrated (LSI) circuit is shown in the figure below. What is the best description of the circuit? A. Phase Detector B. Phase Locked Loop C. Clock Phase Skew Compensator D. Multiphase Clock Extractor 122. A 3-phase distribution line conductor configuration is as follows A. 3.5 B. 4.0 C. 4.4 D. 5.0 123. The circuit shown is a ground fault protection scheme. The purpose of R is to: Page 19 of 22  A. Limit the ground current and prevent damage only B. Maintain a potential difference between N and EG only C. Decrease the interrupting rating required of M only D. A, B, C are correct 124. Find the early and late start of activity D for the project: A. ES = 12, LS = 15 B. ES = 13, LS = 22 C. ES = 19, LS = 24 D. ES = 22, LS = 24 125. In which of figure the relationship between voltage and current is in accordance with Ohms Law: A. Figure A B. Figure B C. Figure C D. Figure D Page 20 of 22 126. Which of the estimates listed would occur last in project time line? A. Rough Order of Magnitude B. Square Foot Estimate C. Bid Estimate D. Assemblies Estimate 127. The transfer function Y/R for the block diagram shown below is: A. ----Correct Answer B. C. D. Page 21 of 22 128. Figure 1 represents equivalent transformations of the components in Figure 2. The values of the transformed source and resistor in Figure 1 are most nearly: A. B. ----Correct Answer C. D. I = 5 / 2 = 2.5 A Gb = 1 / 4 =0.25S Page 22 of 22