Jig Jiga University Methods of Social Work Practice PDF

Session 5 JIG JIGA UNIVERSITY School of Social Work Methods of Social Work Practice (3 credit hours) First Semester, Academic Year Psychodynamic and Systems Theories to Social Work Practice Psychodynamics Theory: Psychodynamics theory proposes a model...

Session 5 JIG JIGA UNIVERSITY School of Social Work Methods of Social Work Practice (3 credit hours) First Semester, Academic Year Psychodynamic and Systems Theories to Social Work Practice Psychodynamics Theory: Psychodynamics theory proposes a model of personality development based on the existence of opposing forces that strive for a dynamic balance Key Concepts Adherence to the following concepts borrowed from Freudian Psychoanalysis The importance of early childhood experience in personality development Existence of unconscious and preconscious motivation Existence of ego, which assists in rational action Existence of defense mechanism Feeling of ambivalence/uncertainity, people experience opposing emotions such as love and hate  The structure of the mind: The Id The Ego The Superego The Id corresponds to the unconscious and is present at birth The Ego includes both the conscious and preconscious and develop out of the Id from experience that help the child distinguish ‘self’ from ‘other’  The superego is the last to develop and is the special part of the ego that observes and sits in judgement above the rest. Application to Social Work Practice: Psychodynamic theory has provided a substantial core of knowledge about intrapsychic and interpersonal behavior that has been applied to social work practice. Emphasis on individual psychoanalysis led to the embracing of diagnostic casework and functional casework Diagnostic casework rested on diagnosis and treatment Functional casework rejected the illness metaphor and believed in the human capacity for problem solving and the capacity for growth  Systems theory Systems based theories: Assist us in developing a holistic and relational view of people and their environment Help us understand the interaction between individuals, groups, organizations, communities, larger social systems and their environment Enhance our understanding of the contextual nature of human behaviour Are useful in formulating assessments at all levels of practice Systems theory has its origin in sociology and biology We use the term dynamic systems theory to refer to contemporary perspective Living systems, particularly of human systems are characterized by development, creativity, and transformation Dynamic systems theory was introduced to social work in 1950s Dynamics systems theory has now cut across the dimensions of micro and macro practice perspectives, as well as across the disciplinary boundaries of sociology, physics, engineering, social work psychology and others Systems theory relevant to human behaviour include the following Structural functionalism also known as the general theory of action Examine show social system survive and why institutionalized patterns of interaction persist The ecological perspective, derived from earlier ecological theories The idea of adaptation is an essential concept The emphasis is the adaptation of population or groups The natural and the social environment The natural environment is the geographical environment The social environment is the network of relationships of individuals and groups Dynamic systems theory, also known as general systems theory, or simply systems theory Two basic concepts: objective and environment A system is a set of objects together with relationships between the objects and between their attributes For a given system, the environment is the set of all objects, a change in whose attributes affects the system and also those objects whose attributes are changed by the behaviour of the system  A family of four, for example, can be thought of as a system in which 1 each person is a subject 2 All family members together are mutually influencing 3 Family relationships are woven together into patterns and developmental processes 4 The family as a whole encompasses subsystems 5 The family transacts with external supra systems (neighbourhood or social services agency) Deep ecology The interdependency between human beings and the total planetary ecology There is intrinsic/inherent value in all life Diversity, interdependency and complexity reflects the nature of life Humanity is part of nature with extraordinary power Ecofeminism Modern societies give privilege to human over nature and men over women Focus feminist concerns on the human nature relationship Application to Social Work Practice: Systems theories have supported the refinement of social work’s person-in-environment perspective by embedding it within a comprehensive, multidisciplinary and holistic conceptual framework Contemporary insights of dynamic systems theory, deep ecology and ecofeminism on systems transformation, mutually, and global transformation well-being are rarely addressed in the social work literature.  Session 6 JIG JIGA UNIVERSITY School of Social Work Methods of Social Work Practice (3 credit hours) First Semester,  The Generalist model of Social Work Intervention: Skills, Applications, and Methods 1. Levels of skills in the generalist intervention The view of generalist social work is like the view through a wide angle lens of a camera Visualize potential clients and agents for change on a continuum ranging: From micro To mid To macro level interventions Small systems to large systems including the system of the social work profesison itself Variety of social systems for generalist social work intervention Family Individual Group General ist Organi World social zation work Neighbourh Society ood Comm unity  System levels for social work intervention Microlevel intervention = works with = individuals, families and small groups Midlelevel intervention = works with = organizations and formal groups Macrolevel intervention = works with = communities and societies Intervention with the profession = works with = the system of the social work profession Working at micro-level Draw on the knowledge and skills of clinical practice strategies such as; Crises intervention Family therapy Linkage and referral The use of group process Working at midlevel Midlevel intervention cheats changes in Task groups Teams Organizations The network of service delivery The focus for change is within organizations and formal groups including: Their structure Goals Functions Working with macro-level systems Macro-level intervention facilitates changes through working with: Neighbourhoods Communities Societies At this level social work practitioners work to achieve social change through: Neighbourhood organizing Community planning Locality development  Public education Social action Working with the social work profession Address the issues within the system of the social work profession itself Define professional relationships: Within social work and interdisciplinary colleagues Reorient priorities within the social work profession Reorganize the system of service delivery Supporting social work licensure Standard setting and accountability The Social Work practitioner and Roles Activities of generalist social work falls broadly into three related functions Consultancy Resource management Education Consultancy Roles Level Role Strategy Micro Enabler Empower clients in finding solutions Middle facilitator Foster organizational development Macro Planner Coordinate program and policy development through research and planning Social Work Colleague/monitor Mentor, guide and support system professional acculturation Resource Management Roles Level Role Strategy Micro Broker/Advoc Link clients with resources ate through case management Middle Convener/ Assemble groups and mediator organizations to network for resource development Macro Activist Initiate and sustain social change through social action Social Work Catalyst Stimulate community service System through interdisciplinary activities Education Level Role Strategy Micro Teacher Facilitate information processing and provide education programming Middle Trainer Instruct through staff development Macro Outreach Convey public information about social issues and social services through community education Social Researcher Engage in discovery for knowledge work scholar development system  4 2. Social Work Application and Methods Undertaking an actual social work intervention involves Assessment Planning Intervention Evaluation Termination Follow-up ASSESSMENT Assessment is the first step in problem solving process It involves understanding the problem, what causes it, and what can be changed to minimize or resolve it Accurate assessment of the person, problem, and situation is well documented as a critically important step in the social work process Assessment differs from diagnosis at least in four major ways The environment surrounding of the client (mezzo and macro are considered as an important as the micro level) The outside system can become targets of change The clients involvement in the problem solving process. Practitioners work with, not on, clients Assessment concerns the approach to clients strength. Diagnosis focuses on pathology. Assessment involves four considerations Micro Mezzo Macro Social work systems Basic assessment steps 1. Identify your client 2. Assess the client-in-situation  3. Cite information about client problem and needs 4. Identify client strength Steps from 2 to 4 should be seen from the following perspectives Step 2Step 3Step 4 Micro _______________ Mezzo _______________ Macro _______________ Aspects _______________ of diversity Goals of assessment Articulate a clear statement of the problem Articulate a clear description of the client system Illustrate how the client system functions with other interacting system Put all of these information together Types of problems Interpersonal conflict Problem with formal organizations Difficulties in role performance Problem of social transition Psychological and behavioural problems Inadequate resources Problem in decision making Cultural conflicts Prioritizing problems Identifying clients strength Strengths can be divided into the following nine categories Family and friends Education and employment background Problem solving and decision making Personal qualities and characteristics Physical and financial resources Attitudes and perspectives Miscellaneous other strengths Sources of assessment Filling out forms by clients Personal interview Observe the client’s nonverbal behaviour Observe the client’s interaction with other people Collateral information from family, relatives, friends, Psychological and other testing The social workers’ interaction with client PLANNING Planning involves establishing goals, specifically how such goals will be achieved, and selecting the most appropriate course of action Steps in the planning process Working with the client Prioritizing problems Translate problems into needs Evaluate levels of intervention: select a strategy Establish primary goals Specify objectives Formalize a contract Intervention  Session 7 JIG JIGA UNIVERSITY School of Social Work Methods of Social Work Practice (3 credit hours) First Semester  PLANNING Planning involves establishing goals, specifically how such goals will be achieved, and selecting the most appropriate course of action Steps in the planning process Step 1: Working with the client Clients should participate in the assessment and development of goal plans as much as possible Step 2: Prioritizing problems The first step to do is to focus on only those problems which fulfil three criteria 1 The client should recognize that the problem exists 2 The problem should be clearly defined 3 Realistically possible that the social worker and the client be able to do something about it Step 3: Translate problems into needs Problem involves any source of perplexity or distress Needs are physical, psychological, economic, and social requirements for survival, wellbeing and fulfilment Step 4: Evaluate levels of intervention: select a strategy Strategy is a route the social worker and the client will take to meet the client’s needs  Strategies can be made through: By focusing on the need By reviewing the need Emphasizing the clients strengths Evaluate the prons and cons of each strategy Select and pursue the strategy that appears to be most effective Step 5: Establish primary goals Five basic purposes for establishing goals 1 Goals guarantee that social worker and client are in concurrent regarding what they want to persued  2 Goals provide directions and continuity 3 Goals aid in the identification, formulation and evaluation of relevant strategies to proceed with the intervention 4 Goals help practitioners observe and appraise the progress being made 5 Goals serve as outcome criteria in evaluating the effectiveness of specific intervention Sep 6: Specify objectives Primary goals are so broadly stated The next step is to break the primary goal down to smaller objectives Step 7: Formalize a Contract: A contract is an agreement between a client worker about what will occur in the intervention process It can include goals, objectives, timeframes, and responsibilities of people involved There are four major components of a contract 1 Will specify what will occur during the intervention process 2 Established by a worker and a client making in agreement together 3 Contains four types of information including goals, methods, timetables and mutual obligations 4 A contract’s format can be oral, written or implied  INTERVENTION APPLICATION Intervention is the actual doing of social work There are three intervention approaches 1 Risk management in protective in protective services 2 Crises intervention 3 Intervention with alcohol and other drug abuses Disk management involves addressing or managing the likelihood or risk that a child will be maltreated Example of maltreatment Bruises Laceration: cuts, scrapes, etc. Burns etc.  Crises Intervention Crises intervention is the therapeutic practice used in helping clients in crises to promote effective coping that can be lead to positive growth and change by acknowledging the problem, recognizing its impact and learning new or more effective behaviours for coping with similar predictable experiences  Major concepts in crises intervention The primary goal of crises intervention is to help the client return at least to the pre-crises level of functioning Crises intervention is relatively short term Specific observable difficulties become the target of the intervention When doing crises intervention it should be considered the treatment of choice and not simply a second best strategy The practitioner in crises intervention must be willing to take an active role in the intervention Steps in crises intervention Assessment Planning Intervention Anticipatory planning: helps clients prepare for future crises Alcohol and other Drug Use and Abuse The terms Abuse: either physical or psychological harm to the user Addition: Physiological dependence on the substance Dependence: involves a condition where a person requires the substance, either physiologically and/or psychologically Habituation involves psychological, but not physiological dependence Evaluation, Termination, and Follow-up To be effective as a social worker you must know whether the interventions you employ are working Reasons for conducting evaluation 1 Professional obligation to learn about the effects of specific intervention 2 Providing feedback to workers to help improve their skills 3 Proving the usefulness of a program or method to an agency  4 Assessing progress of a client 5 Providing means for the clients to express their own views 6 Developing knowledge that will guide the practice of others The Evaluation Process Key Concepts-formative evaluation formative evaluation focuses on the process of providing the help instead of the end product of help-giving Key concepts- Summative evaluation Summative evaluations occur at the end of the process The goal is to summarize what ahs already occurred Formative evaluation on the other hand is oriented toward the future Termination and Follow-up The goal of termination is to empower the client system Clients will learn to use their own resources to manage future difficulties they may encounter  Tasks in termination Decide when to terminate Dealing with unfinished business Resolving emotional reaction Reducing group attractiveness Evaluating achievements Maintaining and stabilizing change Providing direction for the future Making needed referrals  Clients Follow-Up Follow-up with a client involves learning how the client is doing after the formal relationship with the client is ended Follow-up can also help determine whether an intervention worked For some clients the follow-up contact acts like a booster shot increasing the effectiveness of the previous intervention  Session 8 JIG JIGA UNIVERSITY School of Social Work Methods of Social Work Practice (3 credit hours) First Semester  Social Work Practices with Diverse Clients Social work practice with individuals Social work practice with groups Social work practice with families Social work practice with organizations Social work practice with community Social work practice with diverse groups  Social Work Practice with Individuals 1. The Interviewing: Most social work interviews can be classified into three a. Informational b. Assessment c. Therapeutic Informational or Social History Interviews Help to obtain life history or background material The purpose is to learn more about the client to design better services Such information include objective facts or subjective feelings and attitudes  Assessment Interviews Assessment or decision making interviews are more focused in purpose than information interviews The questions are aimed at to make specific decisions involving human services For example, a director of a group home for adolescent boys interviews a youth on juvenile probation who is having sever conflict with his parents to determine whether he will benefit from group home  Therapeutic interviews The purpose of therapeutic interviews is to help clients make changes or to change the social environment For example, a shy parent is counselled on how to be more assertive-helping to make change For example, the spouse of a client with a drinking problem is counselled on how to help the spouse to stop drinking and develop a meaningful life separate from Alcohol  2 Counselling Counselling from the workers perspective Counselling consists of three phases 1 Building a relationship 2 Exploring problems in depth 3 Exploring alternative solutions with the client and selecting a course of action Counselling from the Client’s perspective For a counselling to be successful clients must arrive at a progressive series of self-talk statements These self talk stages are: Stage I: Problem awareness Stage II: relationship to counsellor Stage III: Motivation Stage IV: Conceptualizing the problem Stage V: Exploration of resolution stages Stage VI: Selection of a strategy Stage VII: Implementation  Social Work Practice with groups Defining groups: Two or more individuals in face-to-face interaction Each aware of his or her membership in the group Each aware of the others who belong to the group Each aware of the positive interdependence  Types of groups Recreation groups Enjoyment and exercise Leaderless groups Activities are spontaneous Recreation-skill groups To improve set of skills while providing enjoyment Has an advisor or coach or instructor  More of a task orientation Competitive team sports and leagues may emerge Frequently lead by professionals Educational groups To help members acquire knowledge Learn more complex skills The leader is a professional with training in the subject matter  Task groups To achieve a specific set of tasks A board of directors is an exmaple A committee of an agency is another example Problem solving and decision making group Providers and consumers of social services Some overlaps with task h groups and problem solving groups This can be considered as subcategory of task group  Focus groups Formed to identify needs or issues To generate proposals to resolve an identified issues Self-help groups To help individuals or groups with certain social or personal problems Volunatry small group structures for mutual aid  Usually formed by peers who have come together for mutual assistance Emphasise face-to-face interaction Many of self-help groups emphasise; A confession by the members that they have a problem Testimony of their past experience with the problem and their plans for handling the problem in the future Socialization groups To develop or change attitudes and behaviours of group members to become more socially acceptable  Developing social skills Developing self-confidence Therapeutic groups Consist of members with sever emotional or personal problems Leadership requires skill of human behaviour and group dynamics Group counselling capacities are important Group therapy is being used increasingly in social work  Membership and Reference groups: A membership group is any group we belong to Membership is a boundary condition-either we belong to or we do not Some people are marginal members of a group Full psychological membership occurs only when a person is positively attracted and is positively accepted Aspirating members include those who are seeking admission to a group but have not yet been admitted There is a difference between volunteer and non-volunteer membership Individuals who deliberately choose to join a group is voluntary member  Group development Groups change overtime Numerous models or frameworks describe group change 1. Garland, Jones, and Kolodny Model Identifies five stages of development 1. Preaffiliation, members are ambivalent to join the group 2. Transition, power and control emerge, patterns of communication emerge 3 intimacy, likes and dislikes are expressed 4 Differentiation, members increasingly experiment with new and alternative behaviour patterns 5 Separation, the purpose of the group have been achieved  Tuckman model 1. Forming: members become oriented towards each other 2. Storming: conflicts began to arise as members resist the influence of the group 3. Norming: the group establishes cohesiveness and commitment 4. Performing: the group works as a unit to achieve the group’s goal 5. Adjourning: the group disbands  Working with Families The problem within people are influenced by dynamics within the family In turn problems within the family are influenced by the wider environment Family members are needed in the treatment process  Diversity of family Forms A family is a social institution found in every culture A family is defined as a group of people related by marriage, ancestry, or adoption who live together in a common household The above definition however does not include the following: A husband and wife raising two foster children who have been living in the household Two women. lesbians in loving relationship Grandparents raising grandchildren Where one spouse live away from home  Family Assessment Family therapy and family assessment are the two areas of family social work There are varieties of ways to assess family Ecomaps and genograms are the two popular techniques of family assessment  The Ecomap An ecomap is a a paper and pencil assessment tool used to assess specific trouble and plan intervention for clients An ecomap is a drawing usually drawn by a social worker and a clients’ family A typical ecomap consists of a family diagram surrounded by a set of circles and lines used to describe the family within an environmental context 40 Female, 40 years old 38 Male, 38 years old Person, sex and age unknown 62 Deceased, female died at age 62  A stressful conflict-laden relationship ------- A tenuous, uncertain relationship _________ A positive relationship or resource (the ticker line the stronger or more positive the relationship or the resources) The direction of the giving and receiving exchange of a relationship  Parents Friends Drug users Married 24 years Insurance Barb 46 company Dick 47 Steve Brian 16 Shannon 13 22 Grades Deteriorating  Genogram A genogram is a family tree that shows the connections of family members by blood or affiliation Social workers use genogram to trace the connections of families in a backward and forward timelines-chronology 21 21 M 92 s91 d93 92 8 3  Social work practice with organizations, communities and diverse groups An organization is defined as a collectivist of individuals gathered together to serve as a particular purpose We are born in organizations, educated by organizations, and most of us spend much of our lives working for organizations (Etzioni, 1964) Social workers with little or no idea of how organizations operate, how they interact, or how they can be influenced and changed from both outside and inside are likely to be severely limited in their effectiveness Most social workers are employed by social agencies  There are different models of organizational beahvior 1. The autocratic model 1. This model uses one way communication 2. Military organizations are formulated on this model 3. The model lacks to generate commitment from the workers 2 The custodial model 1 Focus on economic rewards and benefits 2 However, evidences show that workers produce below their capacity 3 The scientific management model 1 Management techniques would increase productivity 2 Seeking for the optimal way of doing the job- scientific study to enhance productivity 4 The human relation model 1 Participation increases productivity 2 The level of production is set by social norms not by physiological capacities 3 Noneconomic rewards and sanction affects human behavior 4 Works act and react not as individuals but as groups 5 The role of leadership is important to understand social factors 5 Theory X and Theory Y 1 Theory “x” managers view an employees is incapable of much growth 2 Employees are perceived as dislikes for work 3 “X” type mangers believe in direct control 4 Theory “Y” managers view employees as wanting to grow 5 Under proper condition employees will not only accept responsibility but seek it 6 Theory “Z”  Session 9 JIG JIGA UNIVERSITY School of Social Work Methods of Social Work Practice (3 credit hours) First Semester  Social Work Practices with Diverse Clients Social work practice with community Social work practice with diverse groups Social work practice with communities Models of Community Practice A variety of approaches have been developed to bring about community change There are three models according to Rothman and Tropman (1997) Locality development Social planning Social action Locality development model The locality development model also called community-development model asserts that community change can best be brought about through broad-based participation by a wider spectrum of people at the local community level In this model community practitioners (social workers) function as enablers, catalysts, coordinators and teachers of problem solving skills and ethical values The social planning model Social planning model emphasizes problem solving It assumes community change requires highly trained and skilled planners who can guide complex change processes In this model planners (social workers) gather facts, analyse data and serve as program designers, implementers and facilitators Social action model This model assumes that disadvantaged (often oppressed) segment of the population needs to be organized, perhaps in alliance with others to pressure the power structure to increase resources or for social justice. In the model community practitioners (social workers) function as advocates, agitators, activists, partisans, brokers and negotiators Tactics in social action model include protest, boycotts, confrontation and negotiation Social work practice with diverse groups The social work profession needs to recognize the reality of practice in a culturally diverse environment The tendency to use our own cultural, social or economic values as the norm poses additional dangers for wel-meaning workers  Knowledge social workers need for cross-cultural work Knowledge of self: There is no substitute for self-awareness The ability to responsive to your own senses, feelings, behaviour and thoughts is a prime requisite for effective practice in the helping profession Knowledge of difference: Acceptance of the worth and dignity of each human being is important We must be aware of in which the ways cultural and other background factors affect perceptions and feelings and the expression of these qualities Rural setting: A multiplicity of differences exist in rural settings  Knowledge of natural and informal rather than formal support system is crucial Rural workers must be patient since change may be very slow Ethnic sensitive practice: Ethnic sensitive practice needs to incorporate understanding of diverse ethnic, cultural and minority groups Another concept is the “dual perspective” (Norton 1978): this concept is derived from the view that all people are part of two systems 1 The society that one lives (the dominant system) 2 The nurturing system, composed of the physical and social environment of family and community  Methods of Social work Primary Methods Social Case Work Social Group Work Community Organization Secondary Methods Social Action Social Welfare Administration Social Work Research  Primary Methods The primary methods are also called direct helping methods. Here, the social worker intervenes directly with client(s) who need the professional services of a social worker at the individual, group and community level. Primary means basic to something, or before all others. These are: Social case work, Social group work and Community organization  Social Case work: This is the oldest method of social work practice. Its origin is traced to work with the family which was “recognized as the most important institution in the society with a firm belief that a balanced family will produce balanced individuals who will make up a balanced society” (Ekpe & Mamah, 1997). It is a unique method of problem solving that helps an individual solve his/her psycho-social problems. It assists individuals to adjust to their environment in a more satisfying way. One of its first proponents, Richmond (1992) posits that Methods of Social Work Practice  Social group work: A group is defined as ‘two or more individuals who are connected to one another by social relationships’. Groups are a fundamental part of human experience and social life. They allow people to develop more complex and larger-scale activities; are significant sites of socialization and education; and provide settings where relationships can form and grow, and where people can find help and support. Social work practice with groups is founded on the premise that people are enriched by interpersonal experiences structured around collectively defined goals, satisfying peer relationships, and shared decision-making pertaining to the group’s life. A group can be natural or it can be formed by people. Natural groups are those groups that developed in an unexplained way or in the natural cause of event. Examples include, a family, a tribe, a class. Formed groups are those that were consciously created in order to deal with specific circumstances that are of interest and of concern to several or many people.  Types of groups Basically, social workers work with three types of groups: the social action and the support/remedial/therapeutic/treatment group, and reciprocal group  1. Social action group: These groups are primarily used by social workers to bring about social change in the society. A social action group may be established for the purpose of accomplishing specific tasks, carrying out goals of an organization, changing a law or policy or developing a new programme. 2.Support/Remedial/therapeuti c/ treatment group These are usually formed in order to solve emotional or behavioral problems. In remedial groups the members have common problems, and the role of the social worker in such a group is to bring about treatment using professional skills and techniques. A lot of social work practice with groups fall within this domain. Various types of support group exist. Some groups provide support for very specific types of loss, illness, or life adjustment. And this could include the following: bereavement/grief counseling, medical support, weight loss, mental health/illness support, family support, life transitions, addiction support groups.  3. Reciprocal groups: There are groups where members come together for mutual exchange of ideas and information. Usually members may not have problems per se but may share a common interest. And so by coming together they exchange support with one another, and also share information about the issue that is of interest to them.  Community organization: This method of social work is also called macro practice. Working with communities has been recognized as a key work for social workers. Indeed, the community is a natural site for practice because the individuals who are the main focus of social work practice live in communities. The term community development was adopted as long as 1948 by the Colonial Office during its Conference on African development and defined as: A movement designed to promote the whole community with the active participation and if possible on the initiative of the community but if this initiative is not forthcoming spontaneously by the use of techniques for arousing and stimulating it in order to secure its active and enthusiastic response to the movement.  Secondary Methods These are those methods which are intended to support the primary methods. Here, the social worker indirectly deals with the client’s problem. Gaining experience for another support methods to overcome the problem.  Social Action This was first coined by Mary E. Richmond in 1922. According to her, it is the “mass betterment through propaganda and social legislation”. Unlike other methods, social action emphasizes long-term essential changes in established social institutions. As a method of social work, it adheres to the philosophy of professional social work which does not blame people for deficiency or problem; believes in the dignity and worth of human beings; rejects the doctrine of laissez-faire and survival of the fittest; adopts a commitment to the capacity of all people to take action through a non-elitist highly skilled process; and facilitate members to make choices and take action for themselves. This calls for skills used in combination with professional social work ethics and principles. The first is the principle of credibility building which means that the community people must have faith and confidence in the social worker. Second, legitimization which means that the social worker should make the people believe that their actions to achieve set goals are legitimate Third is dramatization done through strategies like slogans, emotionally powerful speeches, and rallies to create dramatic effects. Fourth, dual approach which is a combination of confrontation and constructive developmental activities. Fifth, multiple strategies involving use of different ways and means. And lastly manifold programmes aimed at tackling social, economic, cultural issues, among others Social workers practicing social action should be versed in skills of rapport building (relational); objective analysis of social situations and problems (analytical and research); ability to use other methods of social work like case work, group work, social welfare administration adequately and appropriately (intervention);