Fundamentals of Science - Innopharma - Session 1

Fundamentals of Science - Level 6 Certificate in Food Science and Technology. Megan Kelly – [email protected] © Innopharma  General Housekeeping Attendance and Recordings...

Fundamentals of Science - Level 6 Certificate in Food Science and Technology. Megan Kelly – [email protected] © Innopharma  General Housekeeping Attendance and Recordings Breaks and Learning Format Styles Queries and Slides Questions © Innopharma  Module Format and Structure Structure: Detail: Classes 5 Classes and 2 Saturdays Online Continuous Assessment 1 MCQ CA – 31.03.25 (30%) and Exam Final Exam (70%) © Innopharma 3  Module Content Topic: Detail: Biology Cell Structure and Function Proteins and Analysis Lipids Carbohydrates Nutrition Enzymes Quantitative Analysis Weights, Measures and Preparation Chemistry Periodic Table Chemical Bonds Acids and Bases Elemental Analysis © Innopharma 4  Session 1: Cell Structure and Function Break 10 mins Proteins Break 15 mins Protein Analysis © Innopharma  Let's get to know each other? Ways to improve learning and engagement: Method of learning Previous learning and experience Engagement and Learning tools Varying interests Resource Use © Innopharma  Session 1: Learning Objectives: To identify the structural differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells including methods of division. To be able to identify organelles and describe function. © Innopharma  Cell Theory This states that: 1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. All cells come only from pre-existing cells. 3. Cell is the smallest unit of life. All cells fall into two major categories: 1. Prokaryotic (bacteria). 2. Eukaryotic (fungi, plants, animals). © Innopharma 8  Prokaryotic Cells: ​Are smaller than eukaryotic cells - example bacteria. Features: They are surrounded by membranes. They lack a nucleus. Genomic DNA free floating inside the cell. © Innopharma 9  Prokaryotic Cells: Division Bacteria divide my binary fission © Innopharma  Prokaryotic Cells: Identification Bacteria can be classified as either Gram positive or Gram negative (Staining and structure of the cell Wall). (Positive = purple stain) (Negative = Pink stain) © Innopharma 11  Eukaryotic Cells: ​Are larger than prokaryotic cells - example skin cells. Features: They are surrounded by membranes. They have a nucleus which holds DNA. Much more complex. © Innopharma 12  Eukaryotic Cells: Division Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis © Innopharma  Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles © Innopharma 14  Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells Features of eukaryotic cells are as follows: Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane. The cell has mitochondria Flagella and cilia are the organs used for motion. The eukaryotic cells contain a cytoskeletal structure. The nucleus contains DNA, which carries all the genetic information. © Innopharma 15  Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles Organelle Function: Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane separates the cell from the outside environment. It comprises specific embedded proteins, which help in the exchange of substances in and out of the cell. Cytoskeleton Present inside the cytoplasm, which consists of microfilaments, microtubules, and fibres to provide shape and structure, anchor organelles and stimulate movement. Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER- contains ribosomes. Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes Nucleus Necleoplasm enclosed within the nucleus contains DNA and proteins. The nuclear envelope consists of two layers: (outer and inner membrane). Both are permeable to ions, molecules and RNA. © Innopharma 16  Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles Organelle Function: Golgi Apparatus Packaging and secretions of proteins from the ER. Ribosomes Main site for protein synthesis. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell as they produce energy. Lysosomes Possess hydrolytic enzymes to digest protein, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Cilia and flagella Allow for movement. © Innopharma 17  Plasma Membrane: This forms the outside of the cell. Controls movement of molecules in both direction. Made of protein, phosphate and lipid components. Has pores, receptors & enzymes embedded in it. Damage leads to induction of cell death. © Innopharma 18  Cytoskeleton: Function : Provides an important structural framework for Cell shape. Green: actin filaments. Red: microtubules. Blue: nuclei. © Innopharma 19  Endoplasmic Reticulum: Two types: Rough (has ribosomes – protein synthesis). Smooth (no ribosomes – lipid, carbohydrate metabolism & detoxification). Found in most types of eukaryotic cells. Function is synthesis and export of proteins and membrane lipids. This varies between ER and cell type and cell function. © Innopharma 20  Nucleus: Contains all the genetic information for the cells (DNA). It is surrounded by a membrane. Membrane has pores to control entry and exit of molecules. Limit access or mutation / damage to DNA = death or disease. © Innopharma 21  Golgi Apparatus: Golgi apparatus packages proteins into membrane- bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. Important for: Processing proteins for secretion from cells. Has enzymes that adds a sugar to proteins as the protein move through the apparatus. © Innopharma 22  Ribosomes: Location where proteins are synthesised in cells. They are found in the cytoplasm and forms part of the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Message comes from the nucleus to the ribosome. Here the amino acids join together to form a peptide. Peptide is released from the ribosome and then functions in the cell/body. © Innopharma 23  Mitochondria: Described as the power house of the cell. They produce energy rich molecules (called ATP) from food molecules. Mitochondria are present in almost all eukaryotic cells. Injury: triggers cell death. Contains enzymes to detoxify agents. © Innopharma 24  Lysosomes: Called breakdown bodies within cells. They are small vesicles (bubbles) produced by the Golgi apparatus. They contain digestive enzymes. Functions: Digest food. Destroy bacteria (in white blood cells). Recycle damaged organelles. “Suicide packs” - cause programmed cell death. © Innopharma 25  Cilia and Flagella: These move liquid past the surface of the cell. For single cells, such as sperm, it allows them to swim. © Innopharma 26 © Innopharma  Building Blocks for Life: Polymers and made from monomers Carbohydrates (sugars) DNA & RNA Lipids (fats) Proteins. © Innopharma  DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Nucleic acid 4 types Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Polymer (here the bases link together A-T or G-C) by hydrogen bonds © Innopharma 29  DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is made up of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twister ladder 'double helix'. A chromosome is DNA tightly coiled around proteins called histones that support its structure. © Innopharma 30  Cell division: Mitosis Cells divide when: an organism grows an organism becomes damaged and needs to produce new cells for repair organisms like bacteria reproduce asexually It is essential that any new cells produced contain genetic information that is identical to the parent cell. The cell undergoes a type of cell division called mitosis. In mitosis, two cells called daughter cells are produced, each identical to the parent cell. When looking at cells with a microscope, the length of different stages. © Innopharma 31  Cell division: Mitosis © Innopharma 32  Cell division: Mitosis Stage Interphase The cell spends most of its life in this phase. The DNA in chromosomes copies itself ready for mitosis. Prophase The DNA in chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears. Metaphase Chromosome and their copies line up in the middle of the cell. Anaphase Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell. Telophase New membranes form around the chromosome at each end of the cell. Cytokinesis The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells. © Innopharma 33  Cancer and Carcinogens Cells grow then divide by mitosis only when we need new ones. This is when we're growing or need to replace old or damaged cells. When a cell becomes cancerous, it begins to grow and divide uncontrollably. New cells are produced even if the body does not need them. A group of cancerous cells produces a growth called a tumour. © Innopharma  Review questions? Name the two basic categories / types of cells? What are the difference between the two? Name 5 organelles and their function? What is a chromosome? What are the 5 stages of mitosis? © Innopharma  Break Back in 10 mins © Innopharma