Sept 19 - Class 3.pptx

Class 3 Safety Aspects of OHS Part I • How do we recognize and assess hazards? • What steps do we take to investigate incidents? 1 Learning objectives for today 1)Define basic terminology around hazards & hazard assessment 2)Describe key hazard types & steps in hazard identification 3)Explain th...

Class 3 Safety Aspects of OHS Part I • How do we recognize and assess hazards? • What steps do we take to investigate incidents? 1 Learning objectives for today 1)Define basic terminology around hazards & hazard assessment 2)Describe key hazard types & steps in hazard identification 3)Explain the role of probability & consequences in risk analysis 4)Outline the process of incident investigation 5)Apply key analytical theories to understand causes of incidents Discuss part 1 of team project 2 Hazard Recognition & Assessment 3 Terminology Injury: Any trauma, physical or mental, direct or indirect, acute or chronic, experienced by a human being Two broad classes: 1) Overt traumatic injuries: coming into contact with an energy source (e.g., struck, crushed, caught, fall, hit, etc.) 2) Overexertion injuries: excessive physical effort (e.g., lifting), repetitive motions (repetitive strain), and awkward working positions (e.g., bending, twisting) 4 Terminology Illness • Physical and mental conditions resulting from hazards • Can affect the physical and mental health of workers • Need special attention given they develop over time, thereby making them much more difficult to identify and manage 5 Terminology Incident An event or occurrence that had or could have had a negative impact on people, property, or processes Close call / Near-miss Any unplanned event wherein harm or equipment loss almost occurred but was prevented or mitigated 6 Terminology Hazard Any object, action, or condition that can be a source of potential adverse health effect, damage, or harm to people, processes, or equipment within the workplace Risk The probability or the extent to which a hazard is likely to cause harm to people, processes, or equipment Haza rd Risk 7 Terminology Risk assessment The process of hazard and risk identification, analysis, and control Risk perception An individual’s interpretation of the potential for harm and their concern for the consequences, which influences how they behave in response to that hazard 8 Risk Assessment Risk assessment process includes 3 core steps: 1) Hazard identification 2) Risk analysis 3) Risk control (next class) 9 Risk Assessment Step 1: hazard identification “The systematic means of identifying and recording hazards in the workplace” 10 Step 1: hazard identification Risk assessment HAZARD SOURCES Physic CH5 al Ergonom CH5 ic Biologic CH6 al Chemic CH6 al Psychologi CH7&8 cal HAZARD TYPES Peopl e Equipme nt Environme nt Materia ls Process es 11 Step 1: hazard identification Risk assessment HAZARD TYPES The different hazard types… …are interconnected …can play a direct and indirect role …can interact with each other to exacerbate risk Peopl e Equipme nt Environme nt Materia ls Process es 12 Step 1: hazard identification Risk assessment People factors Unsafe act • Deviation from standard job procedures or practices that increases a worker’s exposure to a hazard Human factor When a person causes an accident by: • Commission (doing something) • Poor judgment, or • Omission (failing to do something) 13 Step 1: hazard identification Risk assessment Equipment factors Under certain conditions or situations, the tools, machines, or equipment people use and work near can be hazardous Examples of equipment that can be hazardous: • Defective tools such as a broken ladder • unguarded moving machinery such as unguarded saw blades in a butcher shop Important to carefully consider what 14 Step 1: hazard identification Risk assessment Environmental factors Naturally or artificially occurring hazardous conditions Some examples: • Improper illumination—Too dark or too much glare • Poor exhaust or ventilation systems—The toxic vapours from a process hang in the air rather than being removed • Adverse temperature conditions—Working around a furnace on a hot summer day • Poor indoor air quality—Odours and stuffiness 15 Step 1: hazard identification Risk assessment Material factors Any workplace substance, matter, or provisions used for production that have the potential to cause harm or loss especially if handled • For instance, certain cleaning materials such as ammonia and bleach should never be mixed together because the mixture results in a toxic chemical reaction 16 Step 1: hazard identification Risk assessment Process factors A process is involved when combining people, equipment, environment, and materials with the purpose of producing a good or service. They involve the flow of work and include factors such as design, pace, and organization of the various types of work via policies, procedures, and work processes. 17 Hazard identification methods Risk assessment Hazard identification: “The systematic means of identifying and recording hazards in the workplace” There are several methods that can be used in a hazard identification program • Safety committees, inspections, incident investigations, first aid reports, reports, and audits, walk-through survey, safety sampling, publications, hazard alerts from trade and industry publications, analysis of site, tasks, and jobs 18 Hazard identification methods Risk assessment Hazard identification: “The systematic means of identifying and recording hazards in the workplace” A chosen approach can be as simple (e.g., visible inspection) or complex (e.g., taking air samples) as necessary Using multiple approaches enhances comprehensiveness However, it is important that whatever methods used are systematic, so no hazard is overlooked 19 Step 2: risk analysis Risk assessment Once hazards are identified, the risk of an incident or injury is determined via risk analysis • Crucial for making employees aware of the hazards and risks they are exposed to and what they should be doing to manage the risk • Risk can be analyzed by rating the probability of an incident followed by rating the consequences and assigning a level of priority Two main pillars of analysis include: 1) Probability: Chance or likelihood that an event will occur and will result in harm or loss 11) Consequences: The results or severity of the injury 20 Step 2: risk analysis Risk assessment Probability: Chance or likelihood that an event will occur and will result in harm or loss Often expressed in terms describing the likelihood • • • • Very likely = typically experienced once per 6 months by an individual Likely = typically experienced once per 5 years by an individual Unlikely = typically experienced once during an individual’s lifetime Very unlikely = less than 1% chance of being experienced in an individual’s lifetime Or level • High = likely to be experienced once or twice a year by an individual • Medium = may be experienced once every five years by an individual • Low = May occur once during a working lifetime 21 Step 2: risk analysis Risk assessment Consequences: The results or severity of the injury Often expressed in terms describing the harm • Slightly harmful (e.g., superficial injuries; minor cuts and bruises) • Moderately harmful (e.g., lacerations; concussion; ill health) • Extremely harmful (e.g., amputations; fatal injuries; fractures) Or level • High (e.g., major fracture; poisoning; significant blood loss; traumatic head injury) • Medium (e.g., sprain, strain, burn, dermatitis, asthma, lost-time injury) • Low (e.g., first-aid injury, short-term pain, irritation, or dizziness) 22 Step 2: risk analysis Risk assessment Risk level: Rating of the probability and consequences of hazards Example risk ratings: • Immediately dangerous—stop work and implement controls • High risk—investigate process and implement controls immediately • Medium risk—keep work process going, develop control plan and implement as soon as possible • Low risk—keep process going but monitor regularly. Investigate a control plan for implementation • Very low risk—continuous process monitoring 23 Step 2: risk analysis Risk assessment Risk level: Rating of the probability and consequences of hazards Severity of Consequences lity of harm Very unlikely Unlikely Likely Very likely Slight harm (low) Moderate harm (medium) Extreme harm (high) Very low risk Very low risk High risk Medium risk Very high risk (immediately dangerous) High risk Very high risk (immediately dangerous) Very low risk Low risk 24 Hazard inventory & risk evaluation A sample Task Delivering product to customers in remote areas in northern Canada Hazard Risk Risk Rating Drivers work alone May be unable to call for help if needed Probability = likely Consequence = high Rating = immediately dangerous Drivers occasionally work long hours Fatigue, short rest time between shifts Probability = Consequence = Rating = Drivers often in very congested traffic Increased chance of collision Probability = Consequence = Rating = Drivers often lift Injury boxes when delivering product Probability = Consequence = Rating = Probability of harm: very unlikely, unlikely, likely, very likely Consequence: high, medium, low Rating: immediately dangerous, high risk, medium risk, low risk, 25 Step 1 & 2 follow-up Hazard identification and risk analysis Information obtained via hazard identification and risk analysis should be communicated to the appropriate authority When presented with information about hazards and risks, management may decide to… (1)Take no action 🤷‍♂️ (2)Take corrective action (risk control next week!) (3)Consider a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether the anticipated losses are worth the cost of correcting the problem 26 Incident investigation 27 Rationale for incident investigation Investigation of Incidents • Component in a hazard recognition, assessment, and control (RAC) program RAC program • A hazard recognition, assessment, and control program; a key element in most health and safety programs Benefits of Incident Investigation: • • • • • • Determines direct causes Identifies contributing causes Prevents similar incidents Creates a permanent record Determines cost Promotes safety awareness among employees 28 The investigative process critical factors Incident investigations are influenced by: Timing: • Time affects several types of information Severity: • Given that investigations are time consuming, companies tend to examine only those incidents that have the most serious consequences Legal requirements: • Events (e.g., injury requires medical aid or results in lost time) must be reported to a Workers’ Compensation Board, normally within three days. 29 Steps of an investigation Legislative or policy requirements often do not specify how to investigate A general approach to incident investigation: • • • • • • Secure the scene Gather evidence Analyze information Report the results of the incident investigation Make recommendations Follow up 30 Types of information collected Peopl e Human Factors Equipme nt Materia Situational ls Factors Process es Environme nt Environmen tal Factors 31 Types of information collected Human Factors Studying the worker as a source of incidents does not mean that the investigator is looking for a scapegoat. Intent is to collect facts, not assign blame. Examples of questions to ask : What was the worker doing at the time of the incident? Was the work being performed according to procedures? Was a supervisor present? 32 Types of information collected Examples of questions to ask: What tooWas the machine operating in a satisfactory manner? ls, equipment, or objects were involved in the incident? What personal protective equipment was being Analysis of unsafe worn? Situational Factors conditions that led to the incident is a critical step. Equipment and tools 33 Types of information collected Examples: • Was weather or working conditions a contributing factor? • Did noise, light, or other physical agents interfere with safe conduct? • Did controllable exposure to environmental factors exacerbate the wear-and-tear of equipment? Environmental factors (e.g., light, noise) may increase likelihood that an incident will occur Environmen tal Factors 34 Who investigates? Supervisor: • Possesses detailed knowledge of the work and the working conditions • In most companies, assume principal responsibility for investigation. Technical advisers and specialists • Bringing outside expertise may enhance objectivity of the investigation. Safety and health officer • may be more aware of, and familiar with, OHS issues than the supervisor. Safety and health committee or representative • Where established, may be involved Safety team • Highly recommended for serious incidents • Includes supervisor, OHS officer, health & safety committee members, outside experts 35 Investigative methods & tools Like hazard identification, there are several methods that can be used to investigate incidents • Observations or walkthrough, interviews, re-enactment simulations Walkthroughs, interviews, and re-enactments can be supplemented by: Photographs Drawings Computers Tape measures, clipboards, water-resistant pens, flashlights • Record check • • • • 36 Investigative reports Once information has been gathered, incident reports must be completed Reports should consider: • Factor most closely associated with the cause of an incident, referred to as the agency • Incident type; categorize the nature of the incident • Personal factors (e.g., lack of knowledge, fatigue, restricted vision) to assist in entry, recordkeeping, and analysis 37 Incident analysis Normal incidents, Dominos, and Swiss Cheese Once data are collected, analyze information to identify cause Normal incidents theory: incidents are to be expected and result from interactive complexities in the system (i.e., no singular cause) Two key analytical theories outline contributing factors (Domino theory) and defences (Swiss Cheese Model) to help understand the cause of incidents 38 Incident analysis Domino Theory - every incident results from a series of events The goal of an incident analysis is to remove key contributing factors 39 Incident analysis Swiss Cheese Model – failures in multiple defenses lead to incidents Four levels of defence: 1. 2. 3. 4. Organizational influences Local working conditions Unsafe acts Defences, barriers, and safeguards Unsafe acts cannot be viewed in isolation The goal of an They are a product of: • Organizational culture incident analysis is to • Level of supervision “plug the • Variety of other contextual factors 40 Team project: the audit Part 1 Objective: Become acquainted with the process of identifying and assessing Health and Safety compliance and risks in a working environment and assessing corrective actions related to them. Your team will design and conduct an OH&S audit Your audit will form the basis for parts II & III of the team project. 41 Team project: the audit Part 1 Where to start? Your team is to identify and strategize how to initiate contact with an ongoing enterprise (e.g., manufacturing, retail, or service) to seek and secure permission and assistance to audit the enterprise. Teams MUST secure approval of selected enterprise prior to initiating contact. It is critical that contact be made at the appropriate level and that you secure the engagement of the appropriate management personnel (owner, managing partner, V-P Operations, etc.). Your approach should be persuasive as to how your project will help the organization and a commitment to provide a written report, if requested, of the organization’s compliance with OH&S policy, procedures, and legislative requirements, from your perspective. 42 Team project: the audit Part 1 What to include in the audit? (1) A description of the organization (2) Hazard identification (3) Hazard categorization (4) Risk assessment (5) Assessment of safety management practices See handout on Moodle for more details 43 Team project teams Team 1 Catherine Léveillé Dilaxy Sivanesan J enna Barbusci Mohamed El Shenawy Team 4 Chelsey Fuoco Gladia Ravindra Ina Mariam Sylla Nirogine Sinnathuri Vanessa Cohen Team 2 Alessia Di Salvatore Team 5 Aly Sabry Émile Plante Belinda Rivera Karim Nahle Laurentiu Neamtu Team 10 Alyssa Naces Carolina Kaddar Asma Khan Eliana Abate Gwladys Depraz Rhea El Haibi SiJ ia Ma Alessia Pecorilli Gabriella Borrelli Team 7 Team 8 Giovanni Viola Panagiota Panagiotopoulos Raphael Terga Savannah Corcoran J ayd Davis Nicholas Pare Olivia Bastone Team 11 Allison Dube Caroline Moquin-J oubert Maggie Phares Shanada Kurbanali Pina Piazza Team 3 Han Li Team 6 Anastasios Marinis J unyan Wang J effrey Durocher Niruthika Ariyam Maria Tunaru Tracey Patterson Michelle Abi Aad Talar Anasal Team 9 Bailey Andrade Francesca Margani Kim Rinon Mark McLeish Urja Rao 44 Learning objectives for today 1)Define basic terminology around hazards & hazard assessment 2)Describe key hazard types & steps in hazard identification 3)Explain the role of probability & consequences in risk analysis 4)Outline the process of incident investigation 5)Apply key analytical theories to understand causes of incidents 45 For next class… ********************************************* NOTE There will be NO in-person class next week. Lecture will be pre-recorded and posted on Moodle. ************************************************** 46 For next class… We’re covering safety aspects of OHS (part II) Be sure to complete the readings • Chapter 2, p. 41-42 (workplace hazardous materials information systems) • Chapter 4, p. 95-110 (risk control) • Chapter 6, p. 156-165 (control of exposures) • Chapter 11, p. 288-303 (emergency planning; full chapter) WHMIS training certificates due by start of class • Submission in week 4 grid. 47