Sensory Perception Notes PDF

Sensory Perception Notes ======================== **\ ** **Glaucoma** Glaucoma **Pathophysiology** -- group of eye disorders characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells caused by increased IOP. Raised pressure compresses and damages the optic nerve. **Risk Factors/Causes -** **Type...

Sensory Perception Notes ======================== **\ ** **Glaucoma** Glaucoma **Pathophysiology** -- group of eye disorders characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells caused by increased IOP. Raised pressure compresses and damages the optic nerve. **Risk Factors/Causes -** **Types**: Acute/Angle Closure, Primary Open Angle (POAG), Secondary +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Primary Open Angle | Angle Closure/Closed | Secondary | | (POAG) | Angle/Narrow | | | | Angle/Acute | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | -the most common form | \- the angle in many | *Caused by increased | | of glaucoma | or most areas between | fluid* | | | the iris and cornea | | | -the eye's drainage | is closed, reducing | -from ocular | | canals become clogged | fluid drainage and | conditions like: | | over time. This | causing increased eye | ocular tumors, | | can damage the optic | pressure | trauma, eye surgery, | | nerve.  | | uveitis (iris, | | | \- sudden onset | ciliary body & | | -may be found early | | choroid). Slow or | | with regular eye | -medical emergency | abrupt onset. | | exams and usually | from sudden IOP rise | | | responds well to | | | | treatment to preserve | -often from meds used | | | vision. | to dilate eyes | | | | | | | *Caused by slow | -S/S: Sudden severe | | | drainage* | pain around the eyes | | | | that radiates over | | | -↓ outflow: | the face. quicker | | | Asymptomatic vision | vision loss. Headache | | | damage over time as | or brow pain & N/V | | | IOP rises & stays | may occur | | | elevated | | | | | | | | -S/S: develops | | | | slowly, foggy vision, | | | | headaches. Late s/s: | | | | halos, loss of | | | | peripheral vision | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **S/S** \- Headache (trigeminal nerve/5^th^ CN), brow pain \- Abd pain \- Nausea **Diagnosis** **-Tonometry:** measures intraocular pressure using a tonometer -*Dilation & inspection* -*Slit lamp microscope:* POAG/normal angle, Angle Closure/narrow/flat anterior chamber angle, edematous/frosty cornea, moderately dilated pupil, cloudy aqueous -**Perimetry**: assessing visual field. The patient presses a button when blinking light seen -**Gonioscopy:** painless, done w/slit lamp, better anterior chamber angle visualization, angle where iris meets the cornea. Distinguishes open & closed angle glaucoma -**Optic nerve imaging (scanning laser):** done on a regular basis for those w/ocular HTN or at risk **Medications:** **READ TABLE ON P. 945 Iggy** **Prostaglandin Agonists, Adrenergic Agonists, Beta-Adrenergic Blockers** **Surgical Interventions** Completed if medications do not control IOP **Cataracts**  **Pathophysiology** -- as people age, the lens gradually loses water and increases in density. Causes clouding of the natural intraocular crystalline lens that focuses the light entering the eye onto the retina. **Etiology** -- may be congenital (Down Syndrome), age related, trauma, exposure, or disorders (DM, hypoparathyroidism). Common causes Table 42.2 Iggy. **S/S:** Clouded, blurred or dim vision Increasing difficulty with vision at night (from glare, less definition of items in dark) Sensitivity to light and glare Seeing \"halos\" around lights Need for brighter light for reading and other activities Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription Fading or yellowing of colors Double vision in a single eye \*No pain or eye redness is associated with age related cataract formation. **Treatment** -- Surgery is the only treatment. Perform ASAP once vision is reduced and ADLs are affected. **Nursing Interventions** -- **Preop and Postop care on pg. 940 Iggy.** **\ ** **Eye Trauma** Atlas Entry - Penetrating ocular trauma **Types of trauma: Foreign bodies, Lacerations, Penetrating injuries** **Diagnosis**: **Prevention** **Nursing Interventions** **Ocular irrigation -- REVIEW BOX ON P. 950 Iggy** **Corneal Abrasion**  **Pathophysiology**-- Scrape or Scratch of the cornea. Painful can be caused by a small foreign body, trauma or contact lens use. Dry eye syndromes, malnutrition Corneal Infection -- Abrasions allow organisms to enter leading to corneal infections Corneal infections can lead to corneal ulceration which is a deeper injury **S/S** **Diagnosis**: **-**visual acuity check --physical exam **Keratoconus** Keratoconus \| AOA **Pathophysiology** - the degeneration of the corneal tissue resulting in an abnormal corneal shape causing an uneven corneal surface. Caused by inherited disorder or trauma **Keratoplasty** - corneal transplant; requires local anesthesia, nerves around & behind eye are numbed so pt cannot move eye or see **Preop and Postop Interventions** **Rejection** **Donor Care** **Macular Degeneration**  **Pathophysiology** - when part of retina deteriorates (macula is part of retina) **Etiology**: \*Leading cause of blindness in \>55yoa \*\>10 million Americans affected **Types**: Dry/Atrophic/Age related, Wet/Exudative **Risk Factors** **S/S**: can be unilateral, distorted lines & images, scotomas-blind spots **Diagnosis**: Amsler grid (grid if + see distortion), eye exam, angiography **Treatment** **Retinal Detachment** Retinal detachment surgery \| healthdirect **Pathophysiology**: emergency situation in which a thin layer of tissue (the retina) at the back of the eye pulls away from its normal position; Separates the retinal cells from the layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nourishment. **Risk factors** **Causes** **S/S** **Diagnosis** **Treatment** **Nursing Interventions**