AP Psychology Sensation and Perception PDF

AP Psychology Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Measuring the Sensory Experience Sensation Perception Extrasensory Perception Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Sensation and Perception Sensation The processes by which our sen...

AP Psychology Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Measuring the Sensory Experience Sensation Perception Extrasensory Perception Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Sensation and Perception Sensation The processes by which our sense organs receive information from the environment. Transduction The process by which physical energy is converted into sensory neural impulses. Perception The processes by which people select, organize, and interpret sensations. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Sensation & Perception Processes Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Sensation Energy Senses Vision Hearing Touch Chemical Senses Taste Smell Pain Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Measuring Sensory Experience Thresholds Absolute Threshold The smallest amount of stimulation that can be detected. Just Noticeable Difference (JND) or Difference Threshold The smallest amount of change in a stimulus that can be detected. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Measuring Sensory Experience Absolute Sensory Thresholds Vision: A single candle flame from 30 miles on a dark, clear night Hearing: The tick of a watch from 20 feet in total quiet Smell: 1 drop of perfume in a 6-room apartment Taste: 1 teaspoon sugar in 2 gallons of water Touch: The wing of a bee on your cheek, dropped from 1 cm Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Measuring Sensory Experience Research and Theory Signal-Detection Theory The theory that detecting a stimulus is jointly determined by the signal and the subject’s response criterion. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall  Signal Detection theory Absolute thresholds are not really absolute. Things like motivation or physical state can effect what we sense. False Positives False Negatives I can sleep through a party, but my kids make noise or Pink Floyd and I am up!!!  Sensory Adaptation Decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation. Perceptual Adaptation goggles Living near subway Falling Asleep while Driving Window Music Do you feel your Slapping yourself underwear all day?  Weber’s Law Computes the Just Noticeable Difference. The change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus. The more intense the stimulus the more change is needed to notice the difference. 8% for vision. Buying a Car example Sensory Deprivation Elimination or removal of the use of sensory information that is processed by the body. Sometimes used as therapy  Cocktail-party phenomenon The cocktail party effect describes the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations. Form of selective attention. Vision The Electromagnetic Spectrum Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Vision: Physical Properties of Waves Short wavelength=high Great amplitude frequency (bright colors, loud (bluish colors, sounds) high-pitched sounds) Long wavelength=low Small amplitude frequency (dull colors, soft (reddish colors, sounds) low-pitched sounds) Vision Structures of the Human Eye Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Vision Structures of the Human Eye Cornea Clear outer membrane that bends light to focus it in the eye. Pupil The hole in the iris through which light passes. Lens The structure that focuses light on the retina. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall  Vision The Retina The rear of the eye where rods and cones convert light into neural impulses. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Rods and Cones Rods are responsible for seeing Black and White Cones are responsible for seeing Color Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall  Vision Visual Pathways Optic Nerve Pathway that carries visual information from the eyeball to the brain. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Vision Trichromatic Theory T. Young (1802) & H. von Helmholtz (1852) both proposed that the eye detects 3 primary colors: red, blue, & green. All other colors can be derived by combining these three. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Vision Opponent-Process Theory Color vision is derived from three pairs of opposing receptors. The opponent colors are blue and yellow, red and green, and black and white. Theory explains afterimages and color deficiency. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Vision Afterimage Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall  Vision Terms Nearsightedness- A refractive error that makes images in the distance blurry. Farsightedness - A condition in which you see things at a distance clearly and upclose is blurry Blindsight-When an individual can sense something in their visual field when they are blind to that visual field  Hearing The Human Ear Audition The sense of hearing Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall  Transduction in the ear Sound waves hit the eardrum then hammer, then anvil then stirrup then oval window. Everything is just vibrating. Then the cochlea vibrates. The cochlea is lined with mucus called basilar membrane. In basilar membrane there are hair cells. When hair cells vibrate they turn vibrations into neural impulses which are called organ of Corti. Sent then to thalamus up It is all about the auditory nerve. vibrations!!! Hearing Hearing Disabilities Conduction Hearing Loss Caused by damage to the eardrum or bones in the middle ear. Nerve Deafness(Sensorineural) Hearing Loss Caused by damage to the structures of the inner ear. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall  Deafness Nerve (sensorineural) Conduction Deafness Deafness The hair cells in the cochlea Something goes wrong get damaged. with the sound and the Loud noises can cause this vibration on the way to type of deafness. the cochlea. NO WAY to replace the hairs. You can replace the bones or get a hearing Cochlea implant is possible. aid to help. Hearing Common Sounds and the Noise They Produce Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Frequency Theory All the hairs vibrate but at different speeds. Place or Pitch(Volley)Theory Different hairs vibrate in the cochlea when they different pitches. So some hairs vibrate when they hear high and other vibrate when they hear low pitches.  Hearing Auditory Localization The ability to judge from which direction a sound is coming Sounds from different directions are not identical as they arrive at left and right ears. The brain calculates a sound’s location by using differences in timing and intensity between the two ear.  Taste Five Basic Tastes Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami” I Jade! Swe So Sal Bitt Umami et ur ty er (Fresh [dead?] Chicken)  Taste Receptor cells are located in taste buds Taste buds are located in papillae (“pa-PILL-ee”) on the tongue Chemicals dissolve in saliva and activate taste receptors inside the taste buds Taste is processed in the parietal lobe  Smell Detecting common odors Odorant binding protein (OBP) is released and attached to incoming molecules These molecules then activate receptors in the olfactory epithelium Axons from those receptors project directly to the olfactory bulb Women have a better sense of smell than men Anosmia Complete loss of the ability to smell  Smell and Pheromones Pheromones Used by animals as a form of communication Provides information about identity Also provides information about sexual receptivity Pheromones stimulate the vomeronasal organ (VNO) Information from the VNO is sent to a special part of the olfactory bulb used for pheromonal communication T-Shirt Study?  Other Senses Olfactory System Structures responsible for the sense of smell Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Other Senses Taste Buds Nets of taste-receptor cells This is a photograph of tongue surface (top), magnified 75 times. 10,000 taste buds line the tongue and mouth. Children have more taste buds than adults do. There are four primary tastes: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Other Senses The Thermal Grill Temperature When a person grasps two braided water pipes – one with cold water running through it and one with warm water – the sensation is “burning hot” and painful. Warm, Cold, Pressure, Pain Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Other Senses Sensitivity to Touch Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Other Senses Pain Gate-control Theory Theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks sensory signals so the brain when flooded by competing signals, the pain message will be received first. Phantom Pain Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall  Pain Psychological control – Mind over sensation, distraction Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Other Senses Coordination Kinesthetic System Structures distributed throughout body that sense position and movement of body parts. Vestibular System The inner ear and brain structures that afford a sense of equilibrium. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall Keeping the Signals Straight Synesthesia Rare condition in which stimulation in one sensory modality triggers sensations in another sensory modality. Each sensory system designed to operate separately from the others. Selective Adaptation A decline in sensitivity to a stimulus as a result of constant exposure. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall The Case for ESP Extrasensory Perception (ESP) The ability to perceive something without ordinary sensory information. This has not been scientifically demonstrated. Parapsychologists distinguish between three types of ESP: Telepathy – Mind-to-mind communication Clairvoyance – Perception of remote events Precognition – Ability to see future events Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall The Case against ESP ESP Cards J. B. Rhine conducted many experiments on ESP using stimuli such as these. Rhine believed that his evidence supported the existence of ESP, but his findings were flawed.. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall