Environmental Biotechnology Recycling PDF

Environmental biotechnology CONCEPT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT (3 (3R/ R/44R&D)  Aim of recycling Recycling can help to reduce the using of the left materials. Reduce deposal waste, reduce the area of landfill site use. Protect the env...

Environmental biotechnology CONCEPT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT (3 (3R/ R/44R&D)  Aim of recycling Recycling can help to reduce the using of the left materials. Reduce deposal waste, reduce the area of landfill site use. Protect the environment As it prevent the burning of wastes. Types of Waste  Types of Waste Agricultural crop residues:- 1- Cereal crop residues Wheat, rice, corn, barley which provided 90% of the human basic food needs. The weight of residues from various crops normally exceeds that grains produced. 2- Leguminous crop and vegetables residues Soybean, peanut, beans, potato, sweet potato. Crop residues should be regarded as natural and useful renewable resources. In addition to their use as feed and livestock bedding, crop residues are used to:- 1- Increase soil filth ( soil texture). 2- A cover to reduce wind and water erosion. 3- Provide humus to condition the soil to supply nutrient for soil microorganisms. 4- To provide organic nitrogen, phosphorus and Potassium to the soil. Chemical composition:- Most cellulosic residues have as the primary chemical constituents the following:- 1- Cellulose (Hexosan…….Glucose). 2- Hemicellulose ( Pentosan……Xylose and arabinose). 3- Lignin. Cellulose:- Is a linear polymer of glucose units linked together with beta 1-4 linkages, it has a highly crystalline structure which insoluble in water. 2- Hemicellulose and xylans:- Are a group of plant derived heteropolysaccharides associated with cellulose and lignin. The most common hemicelluloses are xylan, glucomannan, arabinoxylan, xyloglucane. 3- Lignin:- Is a large, complex, three dimensional polymer, composed of three main types of phenyl- propane unit, linked by various types of bond. Pretreatment 1- Physical treatments:- a- Milling b- Steaming c- Gamma radiation Reduction in crystallinity. Reduction in polymerization. Increase in the fraction of the material which is water soluble. Decrease in particle size. 2- Chemical treatments:- a- Sodium hydroxide b- Sulphuric acid Reduction in cellulose crystallinity. Increasing the digestibility of cellulose Destruction ( Decomposition) of lignin structure. Catalyst in hydrolyzing polymeric bonds of polysaccharides 3- Physical and Chemical treatments:- a- Steaming + Chemical treatments b- Different concentration of Sulphuric acid + Steaming 121⁰ C /1hr. c- Different concentration of Sodium hydroxide + Steaming 121⁰ C /1hr. 4- Biological treatment:- Using microorganisms and enzymes  Advantages Culture Enzymes Bio- media ethanol Anti Bio- microbial hydrogen Super Bio- capacitor butanol electrode Xylitol Biogas Super Bio- absorbent polymer polymer Effluent Organic treatment acids Fuel Carbon briquette fiber High calorific Composite fuel Mushroom Vermi- cultivation compost Bio- Fish feed Animal fertilizers feed Rice straw The amount of straw produced in 2006 / 2007 / 2008 2008 2007 2006 The amount of The amount of The amount of Governorate straw produced straw produced straw produced 56880 64417 Qaliubiya 1121709 7707 7821 Alexandria 437502 432356 417940 Elbeheria 7866 29042 45110 Menoufia 343838 362244 323462 Elgarbeia 548958 542938 510196 Kafr El-Sheikh 133322 132276 129554 Damietta 456517 458359 437539 Dakahlia -- -- -- Port Said 7500 6495 6000 Ismailia 1082706 1116842 1007994 22000 18000 20000 Luxor Rice straw can be recycling into many important products such as:- 1)yeast biomass. 2)Ethanol. 3)Mushroom. 4)Compost. Rice straw chemical components 3 3 4  Recycling of rice straw Raw materials ( cellulose) Milling Acid hydrolysis 1%( H2SO4 or HCL) + Steaming 121⁰ C /1hr. Filtration  Liquid phase is used for:- for:- 1- The biomass production of yeast cells. 2- Alcoholic fermentation.  Solid phase is used for:- for:- 1- Solid state fermentation for feed production. 2- Cellulase production. ( Saccharification of cellulosic material) = (Conversion of cellulose to soluble sugar) Biomass production of yeast cells The liquid by product of pretreatment of rice straw is very reach in carbon and some minerals and can be easily modified for the production of biomass. The glass jars are used to make some different treatments to study the ability of rice straw liquid byproduct as a media for the production of yeast biomass. 1- Liquid byproduct of rice straw as such. 2- Liquid byproduct diluted with tap water 1:1 ratio. 3- Liquid byproduct diluted with tap water 1:2 ratio. 4- Nutrient glucose broth as control. 5- The different jars are sterilized in autoclave for 20 min. at 121₀C. 6- One lope of yeast culture( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) used for inoculation for each jar. 7- Incubation at 30 ₀C for 48hr. Ethanol production The liquid by product of pretreatment of rice straw is very reach in carbon and some minerals and can be easily modified for the production of ethanol. The glass jars are used to make some different treatments to study the ability of rice straw liquid byproduct as a media for the production of ethanol from yeast fermentation. 1- Liquid byproduct of rice straw as such. 2- Liquid byproduct diluted with tap water 1:1 ratio. 3- Liquid byproduct diluted with tap water 1:2 ratio. 4- Nutrient glucose broth as control. 5- The different jars are sterilized in autoclave for 20 min. at 121₀C. 6- One lope of yeast culture used for inoculation for each jar. 7- Incubation at 30 ₀C for 48hr with balloons. Fermentation Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly known as (bakers yeast). 1- Alcoholic fermentation is the conversion of sugar into carbon dioxide gas and ethyl alcohol. 2- This process is carried out by yeast enzymes. 3- The ideal conditions for yeast fermentation are:- a- Temperature at 18-24C. b- Sugar (not more than 1 Kg /4.5 L) (feedback inhibition). c- pH 3.5-5.5. d- Nutrients. e- Oxygen (The first part of fermentation needs oxygen for yeast replication). Ethanol detection Detection of alcohol in solutions using oxidation test CH3CH2OH + H2CrO4 CH3COOH + Cr3 (ethanol) + ( chromic acid) acetic acid+ Chromium compound) (orange) blue- green Specific microorganisms:- Trichoderma viride Trichoderma reesei Saccharomyces cerevisiae Zymomonas mobilis Characteristics of Recyclable Materials  Easily isolated from other waste.  Available in large quantities.  Valuable.