SEAMANSHIP REVIEWER.pdf

SEAMANSHIP REVIEWER Shipboard Organization ○Safe Manning Certification Types of Ships Structural Members of the Vessel ○Ship's Dimension ○Ship's Principle Structure ○Ship's Basic Parts ○Ship's Nomenclature/ Fittings Types of Bulkheads and Its Functions What is Seaworthiness and Seamanship Plimsoll...

SEAMANSHIP REVIEWER Shipboard Organization ○Safe Manning Certification Types of Ships Structural Members of the Vessel ○Ship's Dimension ○Ship's Principle Structure ○Ship's Basic Parts ○Ship's Nomenclature/ Fittings Types of Bulkheads and Its Functions What is Seaworthiness and Seamanship Plimsoll Mark ○History ○Function ○How to Read Draft Marks Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ○PPE Matrix ○Work Permits ○COSWP Work Instruction Valves and Pumps Lifting Gears (Crane, Derrick, Davits) Deck Machineries (Winches, Windlass, Capstan) Hatches, Watertight Doors, and Port Holes Hand and Whistle Signals Shipboard Organization Hierarchy and Crew Roles: - Master (Captain): Overall in charge of the ship, crew, cargo, and passengers. - Chief Officer (Chief Mate): Manages cargo operations, deck maintenance, and safety equipment. - Second Officer (Second Mate): Handles navigation and maintains charts. - Third Officer (Third Mate): Manages safety equipment and assists with navigation. - Chief Engineer: Oversees engine room operations and maintenance. - Second and Third Engineers: Assist the Chief Engineer. - Electrical Officer: Manages electrical and electronic equipment. - Deck Crew: Perform deck operations and maintenance. - Engine Room Crew: Assist with engine room operations. - Catering Staff: Prepare meals and maintain living quarters. Operational Procedures: - Watchkeeping: Continuous oversight of ship operations in shifts. - Emergency Drills: Regular preparation for emergencies. - Maintenance Routines: Scheduled upkeep of equipment. - Safety Meetings: Regular discussions on safety protocols. Safe Manning Certification - Definition: Official document specifying the minimum qualified crew required for safe equipment. - Purpose: Ensures sufficient qualified personnel for routine and emergency operations, complying with international regulations like SOLAS and IMO standards. - Determining Factors: Ship type and size, trade routes, operational requirements, and compliance with regulations. - Components: - Minimum number of crew. - Required qualifications and certifications. - Specific roles and responsibilities. - Validity and renewal conditions. - Importance: Ensures safe operation, prevents accidents, and promotes a safe working environment. Types of Ships Used in Maritime Trading 1. Cargo Ships -General Cargo Ships: -Carry a wide range of packaged goods, machinery, and non-bulk items. -Equipped with cranes for self-loading and unloading operations. -Container Ships: -Specifically designed to carry standardized cargo Containers. -Feature large open holds and sophisticated container handling Systems. -Highly efficient for transporting goods across long distances. -Bulk Carriers: -Transport bulk commodities such as grain, coal, ore, and cement. -Characterized by large, unobstructed cargo holds for easy loading and unloading. -Can be classified into different types, such as Handysize, Supramax, Panamax, and Capesize, based on their size and carrying capacity. 2. Tanker Ships -Oil Tankers: - Carry crude oil or refined petroleum products. - Feature large tanks specifically designed for liquid cargo. - Subtypes include Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC) and Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC). -Chemical Tankers: - Designed to transport various chemicals and hazardous liquid cargoes. - Equipped with specialized tanks, often made of stainless steel or coated with protective linings. -Liquefied Gas Carriers: - Transport liquefied natural gas (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). - Use cryogenic tanks to keep the gas in a liquefied state during transport. 3. Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro) Ships: -Ro-Ro Ships: - Designed to carry wheeled cargo such as cars, trucks, and trailers. - Equipped with ramps for easy loading and unloading of vehicles. 4. Reefer Ships: -Reefer Ships: - Specialized ships designed to transport perishable goods that require temperature-controlled environments. - Commonly used for transporting fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy products. 5. Multi-purpose Ships: -Multi-purpose ships: - Versatile vessels that can carry various types of cargo, including containers, bulk cargo, and breakbulk cargo.  - Equipped with different cargo handling gear to accommodate different types of cargo. Structural Members of the Vessel Ship's Dimensions - Length Overall (LOA): The total length of the ship from the foremost to the aftmost points. - Beam: The width of the ship at its widest point. - Depth: The vertical distance from the bottom of the keel to the main deck. - Draft: The vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the keel (how deep the ship sits in the water). - Freeboard: The vertical distance from the waterline to the lowest point of the deck edge. Ship's Principal Structure - Keel: The backbone of the ship, running along the bottom from bow to stern. Provides structural integrity. - Frames: - Transverse Frame: Vertical ribs running from the keel to the deck, providing shape and strength to the hull. - Longitudinal Frame: Horizontal supports running along the length of the ship, enhancing longitudinal strength. - Bulkheads: Vertical partitions that divide the interior of the ship into compartments, enhancing structural rigidity and providing watertight integrity. - Decks: Horizontal structures covering the hull, forming the floors of the ship's enhancing structural rigidity and providing watertight integrity. - Deck Plating: The steel plates forming the deck. - Deck Beams: Horizontal supports under the deck plating, providing strength and rigidity. - Hull Plating: - Outer Plating: The external shell of the hull, providing watertight integrity. - Inner Bottom Plating: The internal layer of the double-bottom hull, providing additional safety and strength. - Strakes: Longitudinal lines of plating running along the hull. - Sheer Strake: The uppermost strake of the hull plating, providing extra strength at the deck level. - Bilge Strake: The plating at the turn of the bilge, where the bottom meets the sides. - Garboard Strake: The strake of plating next to the keel. - Stanchions: Vertical supports providing additional structural integrity to the decks and bulkheads. Ship's Basic Parts - Bow: The forward part of the ship. - Stern: The rear part of the ship. - Hull: The main body of the ship, providing buoyancy and housing all the ship’s compartments. - Bridge: The command center of the ship, where navigational and control equipment is located. - Engine Room: The compartment housing the ship’s propulsion machinery and related systems. - Cargo Holds: Compartments used to store cargo, usually located below deck. Ship's Nomenclature/Fittings - Hatches: Openings in the deck through which cargo is loaded and unloaded. - Mooring Winches: Devices used to secure the ship to a dock or anchor. - Cranes: Equipment used for loading and unloading cargo. - Masts: Vertical structures supporting the ship's rigging and communication equipment. - Ventilators: Devices to ensure proper ventilation of cargo holds and engine rooms. - Watertight Doors: Doors designed to prevent water from passing through different compartments. - Portholes: Circular windows on the ship’s hull. - Rudder: The device used to steer the ship. - Propeller: The device that propels the ship through the water. - Bilge: The lowest part of the ship’s hull, where water and other liquids collect. Types of Bulkheads and Their Functions Bulkheads are vertical partitions in a ship that divide the interior space into compartments. They provide structural support, increase the ship's rigidity, and enhance safety by preventing the spread of fire and water. Here are the main types of bulkheads and their functions: 1. Watertight Bulkheads: - Function: Prevent the spread of water in case of hull breach or flooding. They divide the ship into watertight compartments, ensuring that the ship can stay afloat even if one or more compartments are flooded. - Examples: Transverse watertight bulkheads located at regular intervals along the length of the ship. 2. Fire-Resistant Bulkheads: - Function: Prevent the spread of fire and smoke between compartments. They are built with fire-resistant materials and often have fire doors that can be closed in emergencies. - Examples: Bulkheads separating the engine room from the accommodation areas. 3. Collision Bulkhead: - Function: Located near the bow of the ship, it is designed to prevent water ingress into the main compartments in case of a collision. It is one of the strongest bulkheads on the ship. - Examples: Typically positioned a few meters aft of the forward perpendicular. 4. Longitudinal Bulkheads: - Function: Run lengthwise along the ship, dividing the hull into smaller compartments. They provide additional strength and reduce the free surface effect, which can improve stability. - Examples: Bulkheads running along the length of cargo holds in tankers and bulk carriers. 5. Accommodation Bulkheads: - Function: Separate living quarters from work areas and other parts of the ship. They are designed for comfort and noise reduction. - Examples: Bulkheads dividing cabins, mess rooms, and recreational areas. 6. Tank Bulkheads: - Function: Form the boundaries of tanks used for holding liquids, such as fuel, ballast water, or cargo. They are designed to withstand the pressure of the contained liquid. - Examples: Bulkheads of fuel tanks, ballast tanks, and cargo tanks in tankers. Seaworthiness and Seamanship Seaworthiness: Refers to the condition of a ship being adequately equipped, maintained, and crewed to ensure safe operation at sea. It implies that the vessel is fit for its intended purpose and can withstand the ordinary perils of the sea. Key Elements: 1. Structural Integrity: The ship's hull, decks, and structural components must be in good condition, free from significant defects, and capable of withstanding sea conditions. 2. Equipment: All necessary equipment, including navigation systems, safety gear, and communication devices, must be in good working order. 3. Crew Competence: The crew must be adequately trained, certified, and capable of performing their duties effectively. 4. Maintenance: Regular maintenance and inspections must be carried out to ensure that the ship remains in a seaworthy condition. 5. Compliance: The vessel must comply with international regulations and standards, such as SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) and MARPOL (Marine Pollution). Seamanship Is the skill, knowledge, and practice of operating a ship. It encompasses a wide range of tasks and responsibilities necessary for the safe and efficient management of a vessel. Key Elements: 1. Navigation: The ability to plan and execute a course, using charts, compasses, GPS, and other navigational aids. 2. Ship Handling: The skills required to maneuver the ship safely, including docking, anchoring, and responding to emergencies. 3. Safety Management: Implementing and adhering to safety procedures, conducting drills, and maintaining safety equipment. 4. Maintenance: Performing routine maintenance and repairs on the ship's systems and equipment. 5. Communication: Effective communication within the crew and with external entities such as ports, other ships, and maritime authorities. 6. Knowledge of Maritime Laws: Understanding and complying with international maritime laws and regulations. 7. Weather Awareness: Interpreting weather forecasts and understanding their impact on navigation and ship operations. Plimsoll Mark Plimsoll Mark Also known as the Load Line, is a crucial feature on a ship that indicates the maximum safe draft, and therefore the legal limit to which a ship may be loaded. This mark is essential for maintaining the ship's stability, buoyancy, and safety. History - Origin: The Plimsoll Mark is named after Samuel Plimsoll, a British Member of Parliament in the 19th century, who was a staunch advocate for maritime safety. - Legislation: The Merchant Shipping Act of 1876, largely due to Plimsoll's efforts, mandated the use of load lines on ships to prevent overloading and improve safety. - International Adoption: Over time, the use of load lines was internationally recognized, and in 1930, the International Load Line Convention was adopted, standardizing the use of the Plimsoll Mark globally. Function - Safety Indicator: The Plimsoll Mark indicates the maximum safe loading level for a ship in various water conditions, ensuring that it maintains sufficient freeboard and buoyancy. - Prevent Overloading: It helps prevent overloading, which can lead to capsizing, sinking, or structural failure. - Regulatory Compliance: Ships must comply with load line regulations, which are enforced by maritime authorities to ensure safe loading practices. How to Read Draft Marks 1. Plimsoll Line (Circle with Horizontal Line): The basic load line, named after Samuel Plimsoll, indicating the maximum safe draft under normal conditions. 2. Load Lines for Different Water Types and Seasons: - TF (Tropical Fresh Water): Maximum load line in tropical fresh water. - F (Fresh Water): Maximum load line in fresh water. - T (Tropical Seawater): Maximum load line in tropical seawater. - S (Summer): Maximum load line in summer seawater conditions. - W (Winter): Maximum load line in winter seawater conditions. - WNA (Winter North Atlantic): Maximum load line in winter conditions in the North Atlantic. 3. Fresh Water Allowance (FWA): The difference between the fresh water and summer load lines, indicating the adjustment for loading in fresh water. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Seafaring Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is vital for ensuring the safety of seafarers in various working conditions, including onboard vessels. PPE Matrix 1. Hazard Types: - Physical Hazards: -Slips, trips, falls, and exposure to moving machinery. - Chemical Hazards: -Handling fuels, lubricants, and cleaning agents. - Biological Hazards: -Risks from marine life and bacteria. - Environmental Hazards: -Exposure to weather conditions (sun, rain, wind). 2. PPE Categories: - Head Protection: Safety Helmets (faceshield)/Hard hats to protect against falling objects. - Eye Protection: Safety goggles or face shields to guard against splashes and flying debris. - Hearing Protection: Earplugs or earmuffs in noisy environments. - Respiratory Protection: Masks or respirators when dealing with harmful fumes or chemicals. - Hand Protection: Gloves suitable for specific tasks (chemical-resistant, cut-resistant). - Foot Protection: Steel-toed safety boots to prevent injuries from heavy objects. - Body Protection: Coveralls or waterproof clothing for protection against chemicals and weather conditions. - Fall Protection: Full-body harnesses and lanyards when working at heights. -Temperature Protection: An immersion suit is used in maritime environments to protect individuals from hypothermia and drowning in cold water conditions. 3. Risk Assessment: - Each task should have a risk assessment to identify specific hazards and the corresponding PPE required. Work Permits Work permits are formal documents that ensure safety measures are implemented before commencing certain tasks, especially those with higher risks. 1. Types of Work Permits: - General Work Permit: For routine tasks with minimal hazards. - Hot Work Permit: For tasks involving flames or sparks (e.g., welding, cutting). - Confined Space Entry Permit: For entry into confined spaces where atmospheric hazards may exist. - Work at Height Permit: Specifically for tasks performed at heights. 2. Contents of a Work Permit: - Work Description: Detailed explanation of the task to be performed. - Hazard Identification: Specific risks associated with the task. - Required PPE: List of necessary protective equipment. - Safety Precautions: Measures to mitigate identified hazards. - Signatures: Required approvals from supervisors and safety personnel. - Duration: Time frame for which the permit is valid. 3. Purpose: - Ensures that risks are assessed, appropriate safety measures are in place, and communication among team members is maintained. Code of Safe Working Practices (COSWP) The Code of Safe Working Practices (COSWP) provides guidelines to promote safety and reduce risks in seafaring. 1. General Safety Guidelines: - Emphasizes safety training and awareness for all crew members. - Promotes the use of PPE and adherence to safety protocols. 2. Specific Guidelines: - Detailed procedures for tasks such as mooring, cargo handling, and maintenance. - Clear instructions on how to respond to emergencies (e.g., fire, man overboard). 3. Responsibilities: - Outlines the roles of employers, supervisors, and employees in maintaining a safe working environment. - Encourages reporting of unsafe conditions and incidents. 4. Compliance and Review: - Regular reviews and updates to the COSWP to ensure compliance with current regulations and best practices. Work Instruction for Seafaring Work instructions are detailed documents that outline specific procedures and protocols for carrying out tasks safely and effectively on a vessel. These instructions ensure that all crew members understand their responsibilities and follow standard operating procedures. Below is an overview of key elements typically included in work instructions for seafaring. Key Components of Work Instructions 1. Title and Purpose: - Clearly state the title of the work instruction. - Describe the purpose of the instruction, outlining the task to be performed. 2. Scope: - Define the scope of the work instruction, specifying the personnel involved and the areas affected. 3. Responsibilities: - Outline the roles and responsibilities of crew members involved in the task. - Specify who is responsible for supervising and ensuring compliance with the work instruction. 4. Equipment and Materials: - List all equipment, tools, and materials required to complete the task. - Include any specific models or specifications necessary for the equipment. 5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): - Specify the PPE required for the task, referencing the PPE Matrix. - Emphasize the importance of wearing appropriate protective gear throughout the task. 6. Procedure: - Provide a step-by-step guide on how to perform the task safely and efficiently. This section should be clear and concise, using bullet points or numbered lists for ease of understanding. 7. Safety Precautions: - Highlight any safety precautions or hazards associated with the task. - Include information on emergency procedures in case of accidents or incidents. 8. Inspection and Maintenance: - Outline any inspection or maintenance requirements for equipment used during the task. - Specify who is responsible for conducting these checks. 9. Documentation and Reporting: - Provide guidance on any required documentation, such as logs or checklists. - Specify the reporting procedures for incidents, hazards, or deviations from the work instruction. 10. Review and Revision: - Indicate how often the work instruction will be reviewed and updated to ensure it remains current and relevant. - Include a section for recording changes made to the instruction. Example Structure of Work Instruction 1. Title: Working Aloft – Maintenance of Rigging 2. Purpose: To provide clear steps for safely performing maintenance on rigging while working aloft. 3. Scope: All deck crew members involved in rigging maintenance. 4. Responsibilities: - Deck Officer: Supervises the operation. - Crew Members: Execute the maintenance tasks as instructed. 5. Equipment and Materials: - Tools: Wrenches, screwdrivers, etc. - Materials: Replacement rigging components. 6. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): - Hard hat, safety harness, gloves, non-slip footwear. 7. Procedure: - Step 1: Conduct a safety briefing. - Step 2: Inspect all tools and equipment. - Step 3: Ascend to the working area using a secure ladder. - Step 4: Perform maintenance tasks following safety protocols. 8. Safety Precautions: - Ensure the harness is properly secured. - Maintain communication with team members. 9. Inspection and Maintenance: - Inspect tools before use; report any defects. 10. Documentation and Reporting: - Complete the maintenance log after task completion. 11. Review and Revision: - Review annually or after any incidents. Deck Equipment/Machineries Overview I. Valves and Pumps Different Types of Valves and Pumps On Board - Valves: - Gate Valve: Used for on/off control, allowing flow without much resistance. - Globe Valve: Regulates flow and pressure, suitable for throttling. - Ball Valve: Provides quick shut-off, ideal for high-pressure systems. - Check Valve: Prevents backflow in a piping system. - Butterfly Valve: Used for regulating flow; lightweight and quick-acting. - Pumps: - Centrifugal Pumps: Commonly used for transferring fluids, using rotational energy. - Positive Displacement Pumps: Moves fluid by trapping a fixed amount and forcing it into the discharge. - Diaphragm Pumps: Uses a diaphragm to pump fluids; useful for hazardous materials. - Submersible Pumps: Designed for underwater use, often for bilge water removal. Function and Purpose of Valves and Pumps - Valves: - Control the flow and pressure within the piping systems. - Prevent backflow and maintain system integrity. - Pumps: - Facilitate the movement of fluids throughout the vessel (e.g., ballast water, fuel, bilge water). - Maintain system pressure and circulation. Procedures for the Safe Use of Valves and Pumps 1. Inspect valves and pumps before operation for any visible damage or leaks. 2. Ensure correct settings on pumps according to operational requirements. 3. Open and close valves slowly to avoid pressure shocks in the system. 4. Use appropriate PPE when handling or servicing valves and pumps. 5. Follow manufacturer guidelines and training protocols. Maintenance Requirements - Regular inspection for wear and tear. - Lubrication of moving parts as per manufacturer’s manual. - Testing of seals and gaskets for leaks. - Record maintenance activities in the Planned Maintenance System (PMS). II. Lifting Gears - Crane: Used for lifting heavy loads vertically. - Derrick: A type of crane with a pivoting arm. - Davit: Used for lowering and raising lifeboats. - Winches: Used to pull in or let out rope or cable. Functions and Purpose of Lifting Gears - Facilitate the safe lifting and lowering of heavy equipment and cargo. - Enhance efficiency in loading and unloading operations. - Ensure crew safety during lifting operations. Procedures for the Safe Use of Lifting Gears 1. Inspect lifting equipment before use, checking for wear and tear. 2. Ensure all operators are trained and familiar with equipment. 3. Use appropriate signals for communication during lifting operations. 4. Never exceed the rated load capacity of the lifting gear. 5. Keep the area clear of personnel during lifting activities. Maintenance Requirements - Regular inspections according to the manufacturer’s manual. - Testing of safety devices and brakes. - Lubrication of moving parts as needed. - Documentation of maintenance actions in the PMS. III. Deck Machineries - Winches: Used for hauling in or letting out ropes. - Windlass: Primarily used for anchoring, handling chain or rope. - Capstan: A vertical shaft used for winding ropes and securing lines. Function and Purpose of Winches, Windlass, Capstan, and Related Equipment - Winches are essential for handling cargo and mooring lines. - Windlasses facilitate the raising and lowering of anchors. - Capstans help secure lines and control movement. Procedures for the Safe Use of Winches, Windlass, Capstan, and Related Equipment 1. Inspect equipment before use for proper functioning. 2. Ensure crew members are clear of moving parts during operation. 3. Use appropriate hand signals and communication devices. 4. Follow the manufacturer's guidelines for operation. 5. Secure all loose items before starting operations. Maintenance Requirements - Routine inspections and servicing as per manufacturer’s recommendations. - Check for wear on cables and chains; replace as necessary. - Document maintenance in the PMS. IV. Other Deck Equipment Hatches, Watertight Doors, and Port Holes - Hatches: Openings for access to the cargo hold or other areas. - Watertight Doors: Prevent flooding between compartments. - Port Holes: Small windows for visibility and light. Function and Purpose of Hatches, Watertight Doors, and Port Holes - Ensure safe access and protection against water ingress. - Facilitate the operation of the vessel while maintaining structural integrity. Safety Practices on the Use of Hatches, Watertight Doors, and Port Holes 1. Always secure hatches and doors when not in use. 2. Inspect seals and gaskets for wear to maintain watertight integrity. 3. Use caution when opening and closing to avoid injury. 4. Follow proper opening procedures to ensure safety. Maintenance Requirements - Regular inspection and testing of watertight doors and hatches. - Lubrication of hinges and locking mechanisms. - Ensure documentation of maintenance activities in the PMS.