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Chapter 1 Exploring life ‫اﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ 41 Slides This presentation is NOT an Alternative to the textbook PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with con...

Chapter 1 Exploring life ‫اﻛﺗﺷﺎف اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ 41 Slides This presentation is NOT an Alternative to the textbook PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫ھذه اﻟﺷراﺋﺢ ھﻰ ﻋرض ﻣﺑﺳط ﻣﺗرﺟم ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋدة وﻟﯾﺳت‬ ‫ﻋرض ﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻣوﺿوﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﻘررة ﻓﻰ ھذا اﻟﻔﺻل وﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟرﺟوع اﻟﻰ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻘرر‪.‬‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬  Overview: Introduction Biology is the science of life (Bio = life & ology = science) Biologists ask How a single cell develops into an organism? How the human body works ? How living things interact in communities? How changes on Earth occur ? How organisms living on Earth are modified = Evolution) ? A simple, one-sentence definition of life is “Life is recognized by what living things do” Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  (1) Order (2) (3) Growth and (4) Energy ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم‬ Regulation development processing ‫اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣو واﻟﺗطور اﻟﺟﻧﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ (5) Response to the environment (7) Evolutionary ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬ (6) Reproduction adaptation ‫اﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﯾف اﻟﺗطوري‬ What are the 7 properties common to all living organisms ‫ﺑﻌض ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم ھرﻣﻰ‬ Life can be studied at different levels from molecules to the entire living planet. The study of life can be divided into different levels of biological organization (hierarchy). This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺣﯾوي‬ ‫ﻛل اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛرة اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‬ The biosphere This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﺷﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﯾط‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ ﻣن ﻣﺎء وھواء وﺗرﺑﺔ وﻣﻧﺎخ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Ecosystems‬‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬  ‫ ﻛل اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺷﺎﺋر‬:‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ Communities This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬:‫اﻟﻌﺷﯾرة‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻧﻔس اﻟﻧوع ﺗﺗزاوج‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭﺎ‬ Populations This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋن‬ Organisms This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫اﻟﻌﺿو واﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺿوي‬ Organs and organ systems This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫ﻧﺳﯾﺞ‬ Tissues 50 µm This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  10 µm Cell ‫اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ Cells This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Atoms ‫ذرة‬ ‫ﺟزئ‬ Molecules This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﺷﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﯾط‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ ﻣن ﻣﺎء وھواء وﺗرﺑﺔ وﻣﻧﺎخ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ذرة‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﻛل اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺷﺎﺋر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺷﯾرة‪ :‬ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺟزئ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻧﻔس اﻟﻧوع ﺗﺗزاوج‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋن‬ ‫ﻧﺳﯾﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺣﯾوي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺿوي‬ ‫ﻛل اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛرة‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﻰ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬  The organism (an individual living thing) compose of :‫ ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﻛﺎﺋن (وھو اﻟﻔرد اﻟﺣﻰ( ﻣن‬ – Organ systems: – have specific functions - composed of organs ‫– ﻟﮭﺎ وظﺎﺋف ﻣﺣددة وﺗﺗﺄﻟف ﻣن أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫– اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ‬ – Organs : provide specific functions for the organism ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء – ﺗؤدي وظﺎﺋف ﻣﺣددة ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋن‬ – – Tissues - made of groups of similar cells ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ – ﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮭﺔ‬ – – Cells ‫– اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life All cells: – Are enclosed by a membrane – Use DNA as their genetic information The ability of cells to divide is the basis of: reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! The cell is the lowest (simplest) structural unit in a living organism that can perform a function. ‫اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ ھﻰ أﺻﻐر وأﺑﺳط ﺗرﻛﯾب داﺧل اﻟﻛﺎﺋن اﻟﺣﻰ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﻘﯾﺎم ﺑوظﯾﻔﺔ‬ :There are (2) basic types of cells - - Pro karyotic cells. ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ أوﻟﯾﺔ )ﺑداﺋﯾﺔ( اﻟﻧواة‬ - Eu karyotic cells. ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ⚪ Prokaryotes ‫أوﻟﯾﺎت )ﺑداﺋﯾﺎت( اﻟﻧواة‬ No cell nucleus The genetic material (DNA) is not membrane-bound Usually Unicellular (single-cell) Examples include bacteria and archaea ‫ﻋﺎﻟم اﻟﺑداﺋﯾﺎت‬ ⚪ Eukaryotes ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺎت اﻟﻧواة‬ Have "true" nucleus The genetic material (DNA) is bounded by a membrane May be unicellular, as in amoebae (but) Usually multicellular, as in plants and animals 19 This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! SIMILARITIES: 1. They both have DNA as their genetic material. 2. They both have ribosomes. Differences: Eukaryotic Cell ‫ﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ Prokaryotic ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ Cell ‫ﺧﻠﯾﺔ أوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ 1) Nucleus Present Absent 2) Membrane-bound Nucleus Present Absent Usually multicellular Usually unicellular 3) Cell Type (Some are unicellular Example (Some cyanobacteria may be amoeba) multicellular) 4) Organelles ‫ اﻟﻌﺿﯾﺎت‬such as: (a) Mitochondria Present Absent (b) Golgi apparatus Present Absent 5) Ribosomes larger smaller More than one chromosome One-but not a true 6) Number of chromosomes chromosome 7) Examples Animals and Plants Bacteria and Archaea This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cell cell ‫ﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯾﺔ أوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ DNA‫دﻧﺎ‬ (no nuclear envelop) (‫)ﻻﯾوﺟد ﻏﻼف ﻧووي‬ Membrane ‫ﻏﺷﺎء‬ Nucleus‫ﻧواة‬ (contains DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane) (‫ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ دﻧﺎ ﻣﺣﺎط ﺑﻐﻼف‬ Organelles ‫)ﻧووي‬ ‫ﻋﺿﯾﺎت‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy Every organism interacts with its environment, including other organisms – A tree takes up ‫ ﺗﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﻰ‬water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air. – A tree releases ‫ ﺗﺧرج‬oxygen to the air and roots help in forming soil. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! Ecosystem Dynamics The dynamics of an ecosystem include two major processes: – Flow of energy from sunlight to organisms (producers) such as plants then to organisms (consumers) such as animals. – Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Living organisms interact with their environments ‫ﺗﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﯾﺋﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻣﺎدة واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ Life requires interactions between living and non-living components ‫ ﺗﺗطﻠب اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﺑﯾن ﻣﻛوﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺣﯾﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟﺣﯾﺔ‬ – Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are called Producers ‫ﺗوﻓر ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﺿوﺋﻲ اﻟﻐذاء وﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻣُﻧﺗﺟﺎت‬ – – Others eat plants (animals that profit from plants) called Consumers ‫ﺗﺗﻐذى ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت وﺗﻌرف ﺑﺎﻟﻣُﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﺎت‬ – – Recycler changing complex matter into simple compound are called Decomopsers ‫ﺗﺗﻐذي ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة و ﺗﺣوﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬ – Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  NOTE: Energy Conversion Energy can be stored in different forms, for example: light energy, chemical energy, kinetic energy, or thermal energy. The energy exchange between an organism and its environment. Energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Sunlight‫أﺷﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟﺷﻣس‬ Ecosystem‫ﻧظ‬ ‫ﺎم ﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ Producers (such as plants) Cycling (‫ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت )ﻣﺛل اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت‬ of Heat chemical ‫ﺣرارة‬ Nutrients ‫دورة اﻟﻣواد‬ ‫اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ Chemical energy ‫طﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ Consumers (such as animals) (‫ﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﺎت )ﻣﺛل اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬ Heat ‫ﺣرارة‬ The cycling of nutrients and flow of energy in an ecosystem ‫دورة اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ وﺳرﯾﺎن اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم ﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). ‫ ﺗﺣﺗوى اﻟﻛروﻣوﺳوﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯾﺋﺔ ﺣﻣض‬ (‫ﻧووى ) ﺣﻣض اﻟدﻧﺎ‬ Each chromosome has one long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes ‫ ﻛل ﻛروﻣوﺳوم ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺟزئ دﻧﺎ ﺑﻣﺋﺎت أو أﻻف اﻟﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬ Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  DNA Structure – Each DNA molecule is made up (2) polynucleotide chains twisted into a helical shape ‫ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟدﻧﺎ ﻣن ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﯾن ﻣن ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻟﻧﯾوﻛﻠﯾوﺗﯾدات ﻣﻠﻔوف ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل ﺣﻠزون‬ – – Sugar-Phosphate backbone is (outside) ‫ﯾوﺟد ﻋﻣود اﻟﺳﻛر واﻟﻔوﺳﻔﺎت ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺣﻠزون‬ – Nitrogen bases are perpendicular to the backbone (inside) ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﻣدة ﻋﻠﻰ ھذا اﻟﻌﻣود ﻓﻲ داﺧﻠﺔ‬ – Pairs of bases give the helix a uniform shape ‫ﺗرﺗﺑط اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة اﻟﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻌطﯾﺔ ﺷﻛل اﻟﺣﻠزون‬ – G pairs with C, forming three hydrogen bonds ‫– ﯾﺗزاوج اﻟﺟواﻧﯾن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺳﺎﯾﺗوﺳﯾن ﻓﯾﻛوﻧﺎ ﺛﻼث رواﺑط ھﯾدروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫ﻧﯾوﻛﻠوﺗﯾدة‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻓوﺳﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻛر ﺧﻣﺎﺳﻰ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  DNA Function DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into a protein ‫ ﺣﻣض اﻟدﻧﺎ ﯾﺳﺗﻧﺳﺦ )ﯾﺗﺣول اﻟﻰ( اﻟﻰ ﺣﻣض اﻟرﻧﺎ اﻟذى ﯾﺗرﺟم اﻟﻰ ﺑروﺗﯾن‬ DNA in every body cell is exactly alike ‫ اﻟﺣﻣض اﻟﻧووى )ﺣﻣض اﻟدﻧﺎ( ﻓﻰ ﻛل ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺟﺳم واﺣد‬ DNA is inherited by offspring from their parents ‫ ﺗرث اﻷﺟﯾﺎل اﻟدﻧﺎ ﻣن ﺟﯾل اﻷﺑﺎء‬ DNA controls the development of organisms ‫ ﯾﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﺣﻣض اﻟﻧووى )اﻟدﻧﺎ( ﻓﻰ ﺗطور اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Fig. 1-9 Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg Embryo’s cells with with DNA from copies of inherited DNA Egg cell both parents Offspring with traits inherited from both parents This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Organizing the Diversity of Life Approximately 1.8 million species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year ‫ ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ھﻧﺎك ﻣﻠﯾون وﺛﻣﻧﻣﺎﺋﺔ أﻟف ﻧوع ﺗم ﺗﻌرﻓﺗﮭم وﺗﺳﻣﯾﺗﮭم ﺣﺗﻰ اﻷن وﻻ زال‬.‫ھﻧﺎك اﻷﻻف ورﺑﻣﺎ أﻛﺛر ﺗﻌرف ﺳﻧوﯾﺎ‬ Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from 10 million to over 100 million ‫ ﯾﺗوﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء طﺑﻘﺎ ﻟذﻟك أن ﯾﺻل اﻟﻌدد اﻟﻣوﺟود ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ﺑﯾن اﻟﻌﺷرة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻠﯾون ﻧوع‬ Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Taxonomy : Grouping Species: The Basic Idea Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups. ‫ ﻋﻠم اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾف ھو ﻋﻠم ﯾﺳﻣﻰ وﯾﺻﻧف اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت )ﯾﻘﺳم اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت( اﻟﻰ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت‬ Life can be grouped into 3 Domains ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺗﻧوع اﻟﺣﯾوي ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋواﻟم‬ Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  The 3 Domains (Groups) of life are: – Domain Bacteria – Prokaryotic, most are unicellular and microscopic ‫ ﻋﺎدة وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ و ﻣﺟﮭرﯾﺔ‬، ‫ أوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬:‫ﻋﺎﻟم اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ‬ – – Domain Archae – Prokaryotic, most are unicellular and microscopic ‫ ﻋﺎدة وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ و ﻣﺟﮭرﯾﺔ‬، ‫ أوﻟﯾﺎت اﻟﻧواة‬:‫ﻋﺎﻟم اﻟﺑداﺋﯾﺎت‬ – – Domain Eukarya – are eukaryotic (contain a clear nucleus and organelles) - Unicellular or multicellular ‫ ﻗد ﺗﻛون وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ أو ﻋدﯾدة اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ وﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة أي‬: ‫ﻋﺎﻟم ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺎت اﻟﻧواة‬ – ‫ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧواة و ﻋﺿﯾﺎت ﺑﻐﺷﺎء واﺿﺢ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Domain Domain ‫اﻟﻧواة‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟم ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺎت‬ Eukarya Bacteria ‫ﻋﺎﻟم اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ‬ Bacteria (multiple kingdoms) ( ‫اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ ) ﻣﻣﺎﻟك ﻣﺗﻌددة‬ Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae ( ‫اﻷوﻟﯾﺎت ) ﻣﻣﺎﻟك ﻣﺗﻌددة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﯾﺔ‬ Domain Archaea ‫ﻋﺎﻟم اﻟﺑداﺋﯾﺎت‬ Archaea (multiple kingdoms) ( ‫اﻷرﻛﯾﺎ ) ﻣﻣﺎﻟك ﻣﺗﻌددة‬ Kingdom Fungi ‫ﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت‬ Kingdom Animalia This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! ‫اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﯾﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻣﺻطﻠـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻣﺻطﻠــــــــــﺢ‬ ‫‪Biology is the science of life in all its living‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠم اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ھو ﻋﻠم دراﺳﺔ ظﺎھرة اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﺑﺎت‬ ‫‪forms, Plants, Animals and Microorganisms‬‬ ‫واﻟﺣﯾوان واﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ وﻛذا اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫‪including Man‬‬ ‫‪Biology is the scientific study of life‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠم اﻷﺣﯾﺎء ھو اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫‪The Term “Biology” derived from Bios = life‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻطﻠﺢ “‪ ”Biology‬ﻣﺷﺗق ﻣن ﻛﻠﻣﺗﯾن ﯾوﻧﺎﻧﯾﺗﯾن ‪Bios :‬‬ ‫‪And Logos = Science Logos‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺣﯾﺎة و ‪ Logos‬ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻋﻠـــم‬ ‫‪Living Organisms‬‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﯾف وھﻲ اﻟﺗﮭﯾؤ واﻻﺳﺗﻌداد اﻟﻔطري ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋن اﻟﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﯾش‬ ‫‪Adaptation‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣت ظروف ﺑﯾﺋﺗﮫ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾوﺟد ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗطور ھو ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻔطور ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻛﺎﺋن اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛﯾف ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫‪Evolution‬‬ ‫ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮫ وﯾﺣورھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺿﯾﺔ ﺻﻔﺔ أﺧرى ھﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺗﺣدد‬ ‫‪Organization‬‬ ‫ﻣوﺿوﻋﺎت اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻷﺣﯾﺎء‬ ‫‪Hierarchy Of Life‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم اﻟﮭرﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫‪Emergent Properties‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت ﺟدﯾدة ﺗﻌرف ﺑﺎﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻧﺎﺷﺋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺟوي – ﻛل اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺎت )اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ( اﻟداﻋﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫‪Biosphere‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬  ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ – ﻛل اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﺎت ﻣن اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪Ecosystem‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯾش ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﺔ – ﻛل اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ )اﻟﻌﺷﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ( اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪Community‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯾش ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم ﺑﯾﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺷﯾرة – ﻛل أﻓراد اﻟﻧوع اﻟواﺣد ﯾﺗزاوﺟون ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭم ﻓﻘط‬ ‫‪Population‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪Organ Systems‬‬ ‫اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ – ﻟﮭﺎ وظﺎﺋف ﻣﺣددة وﺗﺗﺄﻟف ﻣن أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫‪Organs‬‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء – ﺗؤدي وظﺎﺋف ﻣﺣددة ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋن‬ ‫‪Tissues‬‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ – ﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮭﺔ‬ ‫‪Molecules‬‬ ‫ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت – ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣن اﻟذرات‬ ‫‪Organelles‬‬ ‫ﻋﺿﯾﺎت – ﺗراﻛﯾب ﻏﺷﺎﺋﯾﺔ ذات وظﺎﺋف ﻣﺣددة‬ ‫‪Cells‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ – ﻛﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﯾﺔ ﺗﻔﺗرق ﺑﻐﺷﺎء ﻋن ﺑﯾﺋﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫‪Living And Nonliving Components‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ واﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Photosynthetic Organisms‬‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﺿوﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪Producers‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣُﻧﺗﺟﺎت ﺗوﻓر اﻟﻐذاء‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣُﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﺎت‬ ‫‪Consumers‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت ﺗﺗﻐذى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت ) أو ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯾواﻧﺎت ﺗﺗﻐذى ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت (‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﻏﯾر اﻟﺣﯾﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣواد ﻏذاﺋﯾﺔ ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪The Nonliving Components‬‬ ‫ﺿرورﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬ Recycle Chemicals ‫إﻋﺎدة ﺗدوﯾر اﻟﻛﯾﻣﺎوﯾﺎت‬ Necessary For Life Move Energy through the Ecosystem ‫ﺗﺣرﯾك اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ Prokaryotic Cells ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ أوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ Genetic Material is not surrounded by a ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺣﺎطﺔ ﺑﻐﻼف ﻧووي‬ nuclear membrane Simple And Small ‫ﺻﻐﯾرة وﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬ Bacteria are Prokaryotic ‫اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ أوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ Eukaryotic Cells ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ Possess organelles separated by membranes ‫ﺗﻣﺗﻠك ﻋﺿﯾﺎت ﻣﺣﺎطﺔ ﺑﺄﻏﺷﯾﺔ ﺗﻔﺻﻠﮭﺎ ﻋن اﻟﺳﯾﺗوﺑﻼزم‬ Plants, Animals, And Fungi Are Eukaryotic ‫اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت واﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة‬ Nucleus ‫ﻧواة‬ Contains DNA surrounded by nuclear membrane ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ دﻧﺎ ﻣﺣﺎط ﺑﻐﻼف ﻧووي‬ Membrane ‫ﻏﺷﺎء‬ DNA is the genetic (hereditary) material of all ‫اﻟدﻧﺎ ھو اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ ﻟﻛل اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ cells A Gene is a discrete unit of DNA ‫اﻟﺟﯾن ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن وﺣدة ﻣﻣﯾزة ﻣن اﻟدﻧﺎ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! ‫‪Order‬‬ ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم – اﻟﺗﻌﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻘد ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم – اﻟﻣﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ داﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪Regulation‬‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ ‫‪Growth And Development‬‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣو واﻟﺗطور اﻟﺟﻧﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ – إﻛﺗﺳﺎب اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ وﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﺻورة ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪Energy Processing‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋن ﺑﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ اﻷﯾض‬ ‫‪Response To The Environment‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺋﺔ – ﻗدرة اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣؤﺛرات اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪Reproduction‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛر – اﻟﻣﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻛﺛﺎر اﻟﻧوع‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻛﯾف اﻟﺗطوري – اﻛﺗﺳﺎب اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻷﻛﺛر ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋن ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪Evolutionary Adaptation‬‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺋﺗﮫ‬ ‫‪Domains‬‬ ‫ﻋواﻟـــم‬ ‫‪The Three Domains of Life‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻋواﻟم ) ﻣﺟﺎﻣﯾﻊ ( ﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Bacteria - Prokaryotic, and most are‬‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ – أوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ و‬ ‫‪unicellular and microscopic‬‬ ‫ﻣﺟﮭرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑداﺋﯾﺎت – أوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ و‬ ‫‪Archaea - most are unicellular and microscopic‬‬ ‫ﻣﺟﮭرﯾﺔ ﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺷﺄن اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺎ‬ ‫‪Eukarya - are Eukaryotic and contain a nucleus‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺎت اﻟﻧواة – ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﻧواة أي ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧواة و ﻋﺿﯾﺎت‬ ‫‪and organelles‬‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬