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Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells ‫اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﺧﻠوﯾﺔ‬ PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for 41 Slides...

Chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells ‫اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﺧﻠوﯾﺔ‬ PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for 41 Slides This presentation is NOT an Biology Alternative to the textbook Eighth Edition Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫ھذه اﻟﺷراﺋﺢ ھﻰ ﻋرض ﻣﺑﺳط ﻣﺗرﺟم ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋدة وﻟﯾﺳت‬ ‫ﻋرض ﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻣوﺿوﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﻘررة ﻓﻰ ھذا اﻟﻔﺻل وﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟرﺟوع اﻟﻰ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻘرر‪.‬‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬ Introduction to organic compounds Carbon-based molecules are called organic compounds. Methane (CH4) is the simplest organic compound ‫ ﺗﺗﻛون اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻛرﺑون ﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑﻌﻧﺎﺻر أﺧرى‬ ‫ﻣﺛل اﻟﻣﯾﺛﺎن وھو أﺣد أﺑﺳط اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  – Carbon can bond to four other atoms and branch Life’s molecular to four directions. Itdiversity is based may form chains on or rings. the‫اﻟﻛرﺑون‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔرع إﻟﻰ‬ properties ‫أﺧرى وﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ ﺑذﻟك‬of ‫ذرات‬carbon ‫ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﻛرﺑون اﻻرﺗﺑﺎط ﺑﺄرﺑﻊ‬ –.‫أرﺑﻌﺔ إﺗﺟﺎھﺎت ﻣﻛوﻧﺎ ﺳﻼﺳل أو ﺣﻠﻘﺎت‬ – Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. ‫ﯾﺳﻣﻰ ﻛل ﻣن اﻟﻣﯾﺛﺎن واﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﺔ ﻣن ﻛرﺑون وھﯾدروﺟﯾن ﻓﻘط‬ – ‫ﺑﺎﻟﮭﺎﯾدروﻛرﺑوﻧﺎت‬ Ethane Methane This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! Functional groups: groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions and determine the properties of organic compound. :‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﯿﻊ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﯿﺰة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  (4) classes Cells make a molecules of large huge number important to of large organisms: molecules from a ‫اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ small‫ﻣن‬set ‫أﺻﻧﺎف‬of‫أرﺑﻌﺔ‬small ‫ ھﻧﺎك‬ molecules Carbohydrates* ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮھﯿﺪرات‬ Proteins* ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬ Lipids* (‫اﻟﻠﺒﯿﺪات )اﻟﺪھﻮن‬ Nucleic acid* ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ‬ These are called large molecules or Macromolecules or Polymers This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Polymers are broken down to smaller molecules called monomers by a process, hydrolysis (addition of water molecule) 1 2 3 4 Polymer Addition of water molecule 1 2 3 This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! monomer  Dehydration reactions build a polymer chain ‫ﺑﻧﺎء ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺑوﻟﯾﻣﯾر ﺑﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻧزع اﻟﻣﺎء‬ Short polymer Monomer ‫ﺑوﻟﯾﻣﯾر ﻗﺻﯾر‬ ‫ﻣوﻧﯾﻣﯾر ﻏﯾر ﻣرﺗﯾط‬ Dehydration Reaction ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻧزع اﻟﻣﺎء‬ Longer polymer ‫ﺑوﻟﯾﻣﯾر طوﯾل‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  1- Carbohydrates ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮھﯿﺪرات‬ The term carbohydrate was originally used to describe compounds that had the formula CH2O. Carbohydrates range from small simple sugars (monosaccharides) to large complex sugars (polysaccharides) ‫ﺗﺗﻧوع اﻟﻛرﺑوھﯾدرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺟم ﺑداً ﺑﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﺳﻛر اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة )اﻟﺳﻛرﯾﺎت اﻷﺣﺎدﯾﺔ( وﺣﺗﻰ اﻟﺳﻛﺎﻛراﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬ (‫اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة (اﺳﻛﺎﻛراﻟﻣﺗﻌددة‬ Carbohydrates contain (3) major categories of molecules: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  1- Carbohydrates ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮھﯿﺪرات‬ Carbohydrates range from small sugars (monosaccharides) to large sugars (polysaccharides) ‫ ﺗﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮھﯿﺪرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺪاً ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة )اﻟﺴﻜﺮﯾﺎت اﻷﺣﺎدﯾﺔ( وﺣﺘﻰ‬ (‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻛﺮاﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة (اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻛﺮاﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Monosaccharides are the fuels for cellular work have a Monosaccharides formula that contains hydroxylare the group simplest (OH) and a carbonyl group carbohydrates (CO) and is a multiple of CH2O. Sugar monosaccharides include: Glucose – Fructose – Galactose – Ribose (in RNA) & Deoxyribose (DNA). Glucose and fructose are isomers that contain the same number of atoms (6 carbon long) but in different arrangements. ‫ ﯾﺗﻧوع اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟﻛرﺑوﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺳﻛﺎﻛر اﻷﺣﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ طوﻟﮫ ﻓﻣﺛﻼ ﯾﺑﻠﻎ طول ﻛل ﻣن ﺳﻛر اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز وﺳﻛر‬ ‫اﻟﻔروﻛﺗوز ﺳﺗﺔ ذرات ﻛرﺑون وﻟﻛن ﻓﻰ ﺗرﺗﯾب ﻣﺧﺗﻠف‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! www.sparknotes.com  Two monosaccharides are linked to form a disaccharide. Examples of Disaccharides: Sucrose (table sugar or cane sugar) : glucose + fructose Maltose : glucose + glucose Lactose (milk sugar) : glucose + galactose This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of numerous monosaccharides combined through the loss of water molecules. Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides composed of glucose monomers. ‫ اﻟﻧﺷﺎ واﻟﺟﻠﯾﻛوﺟﯾن ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺳﻛرﻣﺗﻌدد ﺗﺧزﯾﻧﻲ (ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ( وﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن ﻣوﻧﯾﻣﯾرات ﺟﻠوﻛوز‬ Starch & glycogen are used by plants & animal for energy (storage carbohydrates). ‫ اﻟﻧﺷﺎ ﯾوﺟد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﺑﺎت واﻟﺟﻠﯾﻛوﺟﯾن ھو اﻟﻧﺷﺎ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﻰ وﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻠﯾﮭﻣﺎ ﻛﻣﺻدر ﻟﻠطﺎﻗﺔ‬ Cellulose and chitin are polysaccharides which form plant cell walls and insects exoskeleton (protective polysaccharides). ‫ اﻟﺳﯾﻠﯾﻠوز ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺳﻛر ﻣﺗﻌدد ﯾﻛون ﺟدر اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت و اﻟﻛﯾﺗﯾن ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺳﻛر ﻣﺗﻌدد‬.(‫ﯾدﺧل ﻓﻰ ﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺷرات واﻟﻘﺷرﯾﺎت )ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Lipids Lipids Lipids include are a group fats, of naturally which occurring are mostly molecules are a group of naturallyenergy-storage occurring molecules thatmolecules ‫اﻟﻠﺒﯿﺪات‬ include fats are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and, K), triglycerides are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and, K), triglycerides, phospholipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and, K), triglycerides, phospholipids. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes Lipids composed largely of carbon and hydrogen. Lipids contain twice the energy as a polysaccharide has. ‫ اﻟﻠﺒﯿﺪات ھﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪة‬ Lipids do not mix with water (insoluble in water = hydrophobic) (‫ اﻟﻠﺒﯿﺪات ھﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ )ﻻ ﺗﺬوب( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء )ﻛﺎرھﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬  3 types of lipids: ‫ﺛﻼث أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﻠﺑﯾدات‬ LIPIDS ‫اﻟﻠﺑﯾدات‬ True Fats Phospholipids Steroids ‫اﻟدھون اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدھون اﻟﻔﺳﻔورﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﯾروﯾدات‬ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Fats are large lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids. Fats main function is energy storage. ‫ اﻟدھون )اﻟﺳﻣن واﻟزﺑدة واﻟزﯾت( ﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﻠﺑﯾدات ﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻣن ﺟﻠﯾﺳﯾرول وأﺣﻣﺎض دھﻧﯾﺔ‬ Example: Triglycerides ‫ اﻟدھون اﻟﺛﻼﺛﯾﺔ‬are fat molecules consist of one glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids ‫ اﻟدھن اﻟذى ﯾﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠﯾﺳﯾرول ﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑﺛﻼث أﺣﻣﺎض دھﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ھذة اﻟدھون‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺟﯾﻠﯾﺳرﯾدات اﻟﺛﻼﺛﯾﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب ھذا اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب‬ In human body, high levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream have been linked to arteriosclerosis ‫ ﺗﺻﻠب اﻟﺷراﯾﯾن‬and, by time, the risk of heart disease‫ أﻣراض اﻟﻘﻠب‬and stroke ‫اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Glycerol C3H5O3 A Triglyceride molecule made from glycerol and 3 fatty acids ‫ﺟزﯾﺊ دھن ﻣﻛون ﻣن ﺟﯾﻠﯾﺳرول‬ ‫وﺛﻼث أﺣﻣﺎض دھﻧﯾﺔ‬ 3 fatty acids C55H98O6 This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  C55 H98 O6 This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! Fatty acidsFatty acids, are made of a hydrocarbon chainFatty acids, are made of a hydrocarbon chain that terminates with a carboxylic acid group.The fatty acid structure is one of the most fundamental categories of biological lipids, and is commonly used as a building-block of more structurally complex lipids. Fatty acids are either: 1) Saturated fatty acids ‫دھون ﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ‬ * The hydrocarbon chain without double bond (=). * Solid at room temperature. * High melting point. * Occur in most animal fats. 2) Unsaturated fatty acids ‫دھون ﻏﯾر ﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ‬ * The hydrocarbon chain contain one or more double bonds. * Liquid at room temperature. * Low melting point. This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the*Textbook! Occur in most plant cells. Phospholipids are class of lipids structurally similar to fats and a major (key) component of biological membranes (cell membranes) ‫اﻟﻠﺑﯾدات اﻟﻔﺳﻔورﯾﺔ دھون ﻣن اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺷﺎء اﻟﺧﻠوى ﺣﯾث ﺗﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل طﺑﻘﺗﯾن‬ Phospholipids contain (2) fatty acids attached to glycerol. ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻠﺒﯿﺪات اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﻀﯿﯿﻦ دھﻨﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻠﯿﺴﺮول‬ Section of a phospholipid membrane ‫ﻗطﺎع ﻓﻲ ﻏﺷﺎء ﻟﺑﯾدي ﻓﺳﻔوري‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ Hydrophilic Water‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ heads Cell external ‫رؤس ﻣﺣﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ surface Hydrophobic tails ‫ذﯾول ﻛﺎرھﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ Water‫ﻣﺎء‬ Cell internal surface This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Connection: Steroids (stereos Anabolic steroids = solid) are lipids in which and carbon related skeleton contains substances (4) fused rings. pose health risks‫اﻷﺳﺘﺮوﯾﺪات ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ دھﻮن ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻊ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ‬ Examples of steroids include: - Lipid- Lipid cholesterol - Sex hormones estradiolSex hormones estradiol (female) and testosterone (male). Cholesterol is an example of steroids and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes. ‫ اﻟﻜﻮﻟﯿﺴﺘﺮول (ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪھﻮن( ھﻮ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺮوﯾﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوراً ھﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﻏﺸﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﻰ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! Anabolic steroids are drugs that have similar effects to testosterone (steroid male hormone) in the body. They increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles (buildup muscles). ‫ﺳﺘﺮوﯾﺪات اﻷﯾﺾ اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﺎر ذو ﺗﻮﻟﯿﻔﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﯿﺴﺘﯿﺴﺘﺮوﻧﺎت )ھﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت ذﻛﻮرة‬ ‫اﺳﺘﯿﺮودﯾﺔ( واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻈﻤﯿﺔ‬ Use of these substances can cause serious health problems such as liver damage and high blood pressure. ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺆدي ﺳﻮء إﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ وﺧﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﺸﻞ اﻟﻜﺒﺪي اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺆدي ﻟﻠﺴﺮطﺎن‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Proteins ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬ - Proteins are large biological molecules. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms..‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺄدوار ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﺤﻰ‬ - - Tens of thousands of different proteins are found in your body. The most important are enzymes that speed up all reactions in cells ‫ﻋﺸﺮات اﻷﻻف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ أھﻤﮭﺎ اﻻﻧﺰﯾﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺮع ﻣﻦ‬ -.‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ - Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids (building blocks of proteins) that make up essentially all proteins on earth. Thus, the characteristic that distinguishes one amino acid from another is its unique side chain. This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! - Each of these amino acids has a fundamental design composed of a central carbon (also called the alpha carbon) bonded to: :‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﯿﻨﯿﺔ (اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ) وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ ﺣﻤﺾ أﻣﯿﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ‬ - - a carboxyl group (COOH): makes it an acid ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﯿﻞ‬ - an amino group (NH2) - a unique side chain or R-group: Distinguishes each of the (20) different amino acids General structure of an amino acid ‫اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺣﻣض اﻷﻣﯾﻧﻲ‬ Amino Carboxyl Group group ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ أﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻛرﺑوﻛﺳﯾل‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Proteins are either: Structural Proteins ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﯿﺔ‬: Proteins in fibers that make tendons ‫& اﻷوﺗﺎر‬ ligaments ‫اﻷرﺑﻄﺔ‬ Defensive Proteins ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت دﻓﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬: Antibodies ‫اﻻﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة‬of the immune system ‫ﻟﻠﺠﮭﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻰ‬ Signal Proteins (communication) ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﺷﺎرﯾﺔ‬: Hormones ‫اﻟﮭﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت‬ Transport Proteins ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ‬: Haemoglobin ‫ﺟﺰئ اﻟﮭﯿﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﯿﻦ‬in red blood cells ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! Storage Proteins ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺨﺎزﻧﺔ‬: Protein found in: Plant seed - egg white ‫ ﺑﯿﺎض اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬- milk  A protein shape depends on (4) levels of structure ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ – Primary structure‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ Primary structure is a unique sequence of amino acids. – Secondary structure‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‬ Polypeptide chain can fold back on itself in a number of ways give secondary structure called alpha helix. – Tertiary structure‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ‬ The term tertiary refers to folding of peptide chain in three dimension giving final three dimensional shape of a protein. – Quaternary structure ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ‬ Protein consists of 2 or more polypeptide chains and quaternary structure results from association of four protein subunits. This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  Hemoglobin and collagen has quaternary structure This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوى ‪Nucleic acid‬‬ ‫)‪ DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid‬‬ ‫‪are the 2 types of nucleic acid.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺪﻧﺎ ) ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮز اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﻤﻨﺰوع اﻷوﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ( و اﻟﺮﻧﺎ ) ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮز اﻟﻨﻮوي (‬ ‫ھﻤﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫‪ Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)are composed of nucleotides.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ )ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺪﻧﺎ( و ) ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻧﺎ( ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات ﺑﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ھﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻧﯿﻤﯿﺮات وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﯿﻮﻛﻠﯿﻮﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫‪- A nucleotide is composed of (3) parts:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ ﻧﯿﻮﻛﻠﯿﻮﺗﯿﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث أﺟﺰاء رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬  - 5–Carbon Sugar (pentose sugar) called ribose in RNA and deoxy-ribose in DNA ‫ ﺳﻜﺮ ﺧﻤﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻧﺎ واﻟﺪﯾﻮﻛﺴﻲ رﯾﺒﻮز )ﻣﻨﺰوع‬- ‫اﻷوﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻧﺎ‬ - Phosphate group ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻓوﺳﻔﺎت‬ - Nitrogenous bases ‫ﻗواﻋد ﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ nucleotide ‫اﻟﻧﯾوﻛﻠﯾوﺗﯾدة‬ Nitrogenous base (Example: adenine) ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ (‫ اﻷدﻧﯾن‬:‫)ﻣﺛﺎل‬ Phosphate Group ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻓوﺳﻔﺎت‬ Pentose Sugar This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! ‫ﺳﻛرﺧﻣﺎﺳﻰ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! ▫ A sugar-phosphate backbone is formed by covalent bonding between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ﻋﻣود اﻟﺳﻛر واﻟﻔوﺳﻔﺎت ﺑﺎﻻرﺗﺑﺎط اﻟﺗﺳﺎھﻣﻲ ﺑﯾن ﻓوﺳﻔﺎت إﺣدى اﻟﻧﯾوﻛﻠﯾوﺗﯾدات و ﺳﻛر‬ ‫اﻟﻧﯾوﻛﻠﯾوﺗﯾدة اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ▫ Nitrogenous bases extend from sugar-phosphate backbone ‫ﺗﺑرز اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻋﻣود اﻟﺳﻛر واﻟﻔوﺳﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  DNA consists of (2) poly-nucleotides twisted around each other in a helix ‫ ﯾﺗﻛون ﺟزئ اﻟدﻧﺎ ﻣن ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﯾن ﻋدﯾدة اﻟﻧﯾوﻛﻠﯾﺗﯾدات ﻣﻠﻔوﻓﺗﯾن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻛل ﺣﻠزون‬ Sequence of the four nitrogenous bases in DNA carry the genetic information ‫ ﺗﺳﻠﺳل اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﻣض اﻟدﻧﺎ ﯾﺣﻣل اﻟﺷﻔرة اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ‬ DNA programs cell activities by directing synthesis of protein ‫ ﯾﺗﺣﻛم ﺣﻣض اﻟدﻧﺎ ﻓﻰ أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ وﯾوﺟﺔ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن‬ DNA information is transcribed into RNA, a single-stranded nucleic acid, information on RNA is then translated into proteins ‫ ﺗﻧﺳﺦ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻓﻰ ﺣﻣض اﻟدﻧﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺣﻣض اﻟرﻧﺎ ﺛم ﺗﺗرﺟم اﻟﻰ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن‬ A particular nucleotide sequence on a DNA that can instruct is called a gene ‫ ﺗطﻠق ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺟﯾن ﻋﻠﻰ أى ﺗﺳﻠﺳل ﻧﯾوﻛﻠﯾوﺗﯾدي ﻣﻌﯾن ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗوﺟﯾﮫ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻣﺗﻌدد اﻟﺑﯾﺑﺗﯾدات‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!  ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠـــــﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻطﻠــــــــــــــﺢ‬ ‫‪Matter‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن أي ﺷﺊ ﻟﮫ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ )وزن( وﯾﺷﻐل ﺣﯾزاً ﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪Matter Is Composed Of Chemical‬‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﺎدة ﻣن ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Elements‬‬ ‫‪Element‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻧﺻر – )ھو اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن إﻧﺣﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﻣواد أﺧرى(‬ ‫‪Essential Elements‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺿرورﯾﺔ )ﺗوﺟد داﺋﻣﺎ ً وأﺑداً ﻓﻲ أي ﻛﺎﺋن ﺣﻲ(‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛب )ھو ﻣﺎدة ﺗﺗﺄﻟف ﻣن إﺛﻧﯾن أو اﻛﺛر ﻣن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪Compound‬‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗرﺗﺑط ﺑﻧﺳب ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ(‬ ‫‪Atom‬‬ ‫اﻟذرة ھﻲ أﺻﻐر وﺣدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎدة ﺗﺣﺗﻔظ ﺑﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻌﻧﺻر‬ ‫‪Proton‬‬ ‫اﻟﺑروﺗون )وﺣﯾد اﻟﺷﺣﻧﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟﺑﺔ(‬ ‫‪Electron‬‬ ‫اﻹﻟﯾﻛﺗرون )وﺣﯾد اﻟﺷﺣﻧﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﻟﺑﺔ(‬ ‫‪Neutron‬‬ ‫اﻟﻧﯾوﺗرون )ﻣﺗﻌﺎدل ﻛﮭرﺑﯾﺎ ً(‬ ‫‪Inorganic‬‬ ‫ﻏﯾر ﻋﺿوﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Organic‬‬ ‫ﻋﺿوﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪A Covalent Bond results when Atoms‬‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺷﺄ اﻟراﺑطﺔ اﻟﺗﺳﺎھﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺷﺗرك اﻟذرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﯾﻛﺗروﻧﺎت اﻟﻣدار‬ ‫‪share outer-shell electrons‬‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون اﻟﺟزﯾﺊ ﺣﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﻣﺎﺳك اﻟذرات ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض ﺑواﺳط رواﺑط ‪A Molecule is formed when atoms are held‬‬ ‫‪together by covalent bonds‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺎھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬  ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠـــــﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻطﻠــــــــــــــﺢ‬ ‫)‪Organic Compounds (Molecules‬‬ ‫ﻣدﺧل ﻟﻠﻣرﻛﺑﺎت)اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت( اﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Organic Compounds‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ أﺳﺎﺳﮭﺎ ذرة اﻟﻛرﺑون ﺑﺎﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﻣﻰ ﻛل ﻣن اﻟﻣﯾﺛﺎن واﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﺔ ﻣن ﻛرﺑون وھﯾدروﺟﯾن‬ ‫‪Hydrocarbons‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘط ﺑﺎﻟﮭﺎﯾدروﻛرﺑوﻧﺎت‬ ‫‪Carbon Skeleton‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﺳﻰ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ذرات اﻟﻛرﺑون ﺑﺎﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟﻛرﺑوﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Carbon Skeletons can be branched or‬‬ ‫ﻗد ﯾﺗﻔرع اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟﻛرﺑوﻧﻲ أو ﻻ ﯾﺗﻔرع‬ ‫‪unbranched‬‬ ‫‪Isomers‬‬ ‫اﻟﻧظﺎﺋر‬ ‫ﺗؤﺛر اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟوظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﺟزﯾﺊ اﻟﺣﯾوي ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Functional Group‬‬ ‫ﻣﻣﯾزة‬ ‫)‪Hydrophilic (Water-Loving‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﺎﻣﯾﻊ وظﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﻛون ﻣﺣﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪This means that they are soluble in water,‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ھذا أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗذوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎء وھذا ﻣﺗطﻠب ﺿروري ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم‬ ‫‪which is a necessary prerequisite for their‬‬ ‫ﺑوظﺎﺋﻔﮭﺎ اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪roles In water-based life‬‬ ‫‪Hydroxyl Group—consists of a‬‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﮭﯾدروﻛﺳﯾل – ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن ھﯾدروﺟﯾن ﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑﺄوﻛﺳﺟﯾن‬ ‫‪hydrogen bonded to an oxygen‬‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬  ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠـــــﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻطﻠــــــــــــــﺢ‬ Carbonyl Group—A carbon linked by a ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻛرﺑوﻧﯾل – ﻛرﺑون ﻣﺗﺻل ﺑذرة أوﻛﺳﺟﯾن ﺑراﺑطﺔ‬ double bond to an oxygen atom ‫ﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ Carboxyl Group—Consists of a carbon ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻛرﺑوﻛﺳﯾل – ﺗﺗﺄﻟف ﻣن ﻛرﺑون ﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ bonded to A hydroxyl group and ‫اﻟﮭﯾدروﻛﺳﯾل ﻛﻣﺎ وﺗرﺗﺑط ﺑراﺑطﺔ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻷوﻛﺳﺟﯾن‬ double-bonded to an oxygen Amino Group—Composed Of A Nitrogen ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ أﻣﯾن – ﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻣن ﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾن ﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑذرﺗﻲ‬ bonded to two hydrogen atoms and a carbon ‫ھﯾدروﺟﯾن وھﯾﻛل ﻛرﺑوﻧﻲ‬ skeleton Phosphate Group—Consists of a ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻓوﺳﻔﺎت – ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن ذرة ﻓوﺳﻔور ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺄرﺑﻌﺔ‬ phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen ‫ذرات أوﻛﺳﺟﯾن‬ atoms Biological Molecules ‫ھﻧﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺻﻧﺎف ﻣن اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ Carbohydrates ‫اﻟﻛرﺑوھﯾدرات‬ Proteins ‫اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت‬ Lipids (‫اﻟﻠﺑﯾدات )اﻟدھون‬ Nucleic Acids ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎض اﻟﻧووﯾﺔ‬ ً ‫ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ أﯾﺿﺎ‬.‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة ﻟﺣﺟﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻛﺑﯾر‬ Macromolecules Because of their large ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣﯾرات ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻣن وﺣدات ﺑﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻣﺎﺳﻛﺔ‬ size. They are made from identical building This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook! ‫ﺑﻘوة‬ blocks strung together  ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠـــــﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻطﻠــــــــــــــﺢ‬ ‫‪The building blocks are called monomers‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ وﺣدات اﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻣوﻧﯾﻣﯾرات‬ ‫‪Dehydration Reactions, Which remove‬‬ ‫ﺗرﺗﺑط اﻟﻣوﻧﯾﻣﯾرات ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﻟﺗﻛون ﺑوﻟﯾﻣﯾرات ﺑﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻧزع‬ ‫‪water‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪Polymers Are Broken apart by‬‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺣل اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﻣﯾرات ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻣﯾؤ )ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺎء(‬ ‫‪hydrolysis, the addition of water‬‬ ‫‪All biological reactions of this sort are‬‬ ‫ﻛل ھذه اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ ﻣن ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﺗﺗوﺳط ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻹﻧزﯾﻣﺎت‬ ‫‪mediated by enzymes, which speed up‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳرع ﻣن اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫‪chemical reactions In Cells‬‬ ‫‪Dehydration Reaction‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻧزع اﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪Hydrolysis‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﯾؤ أو اﻟﺣﻠﻣﺄة‬ ‫‪Monosaccharides, Such as glucose and‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻛرﯾﺎت اﻷﺣﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣوﻧﯾﻣﯾرات ﺳﻛر ﻣﺛل اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز‬ ‫‪Fructose‬‬ ‫واﻟﻔرﻛﺗوز‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾرﺗﺑط ﺳﻛران أﺣﺎدﯾﺎن )ﻣوﻧﯾﻣران( ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض‬ ‫‪Disaccharide In a dehydration reaction‬‬ ‫ﻟﯾﻛوﻧﺎ ﺳﻛراً ﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺎ ً ﺑﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻧزع اﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪An example is a glucose monomer‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل ذﻟك ھو إرﺗﺑﺎط ﻣوﻧﯾﻣر اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز ﺑﻣوﻧﯾﻣر اﻟﻔرﻛﺗوز ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن‬ ‫‪bonding to a fructose monomer to form‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻛروز )ﺳﻛر ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ(‬ ‫‪sucrose, a common disaccharide‬‬ ‫!‪This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook‬‬  ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠـــــﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻطﻠــــــــــــــﺢ‬ Starch is a storage polysaccharide ‫اﻟﻧﺷﺎ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺳﻛرﻣﺗﻌدد ﺗﺧزﯾﻧﻲ وﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن ﻣوﻧﯾﻣﯾرات‬ composed of glucose monomers and ‫ﺟﻠوﻛوز وﯾوﺟد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﺑﺎت‬ found in plants Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide ‫اﻟﺟﻼﯾﻛوﺟﯾن أو اﻟﻧﺷﺎ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﯾﻌﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺳﻛرﻣﺗﻌدد ﺗﺧزﯾﻧﻲ‬ composed of glucose, which is ‫ وﺗﺣﻠل اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺟﻼﯾﻛوﺟﯾن ﻋﻧد‬، ‫وﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز‬ hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﻠوﻛوز‬ needed Cellulose is a polymer of glucose that ‫اﻟﺳﯾﻠﯾﻠوز ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺑوﻟﯾﻣﯾر ﺟﻠوﻛوزي ﯾﻛون ﺟدر اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ forms plant cell walls ‫اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت‬ Chitin is a polysaccharide used by ‫اﻟﻛﺎﯾﺗﯾن ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺳﻛر ﻣﺗﻌدد ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮫ اﻟﺣﺷرات واﻟﻘﺷرﯾﺎت‬ insects and crustaceans to build an ‫ﻟﺑﻧﺎء ھﯾﺎﻛﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬ exoskeleton Lipids are water insoluble (Hydrophobic, ‫ وھﻲ‬، (‫اﻟﻠﺑﯾدات ھﻲ ﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﻻ ﺗذوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎء )ﻛﺎرھﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ or water hating) compounds that are ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻌف اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ‬. ‫ھﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺧزﯾن اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ important in energy storage They contain ‫اﻟﺳﻛﺎﻛر اﻟﻣﺗﻌددة‬ twice as much energy as a polysaccharide Fats are lipids made from glycerol and ‫اﻟدھون )اﻟﺳﻣن واﻟزﺑدة واﻟزﯾت( ﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﻠﺑﯾدات ﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻣن‬ fatty acids ‫ﺟﻠﯾﺳﯾرول وأﺣﻣﺎض دھﻧﯾﺔ‬ Unsaturated This Presentation is NOT Fats : they an Alternative have to the fewer than ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ھذه اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﺑﺎﻟدھون ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد‬ Textbook! the maximum number of hydrogensn ‫أﻗل ﻣن اﻟﻌدد اﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯾدروﺟﯾن‬  ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠـــــﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻطﻠــــــــــــــﺢ‬ Fats with the maximum number of ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟدھون اﻟﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌدد اﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯾدروﺟﯾن ﺑﺎﻟدھون‬ hydrogens are called saturated fats (‫اﻟﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ )ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﺑﮭﺎ رواﺑط ﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن ذرات اﻟﻛرﺑون‬ Phospholipids are structurally similar to fats and are an important component of ‫ﺗﺷﺎﺑﮫ اﻟﻠﺑﯾدات اﻟﻔﺳﻔورﯾﺔ اﻟدھون ﻓﻲ ﺗرﻛﯾﺑﮭﺎ وھﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬ all cells. For example, they are a major ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ھﻲ ﻣﻛون ھﺎم ﻟﻸﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﻠوﯾﺔ‬. ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ part of cell membranes, in which they ‫ﺣﯾث ﺗﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯾﺋﺔ طﺑﻘﺗﯾن ﻣن اﻟدھون اﻟﻔﺳﻔورﯾﺔ‬ cluster into a bilayer of phospholipids Steroids are lipids composed of fused ‫اﻷﺳﺗروﯾدات ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن دھون ﻣﻛوﻧﺔ ﻣن ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﺗرﻛﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ‬ ring structures Cholesterol is an example of a steroid ‫اﻟﻛوﻟﯾﺳﺗرول ھو ﻣﺛﺎل ﻟﻼﺳﺗروﯾدات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻠﻌب دوراً ھﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻓﻲ‬ that plays a significant role in the ‫ﺗرﻛﯾب ﻏﺷﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ structure of the cell membrane Anabolic Steroids are synthetic variants ‫ﺳﺗروﯾدات اﻷﯾض اﻟﺑﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺗوﻟﯾﻔﺔ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻣن‬ of testosterone that can cause A buildup ‫اﻟﺗﯾﺳﺗﯾﺳﺗروﻧﺎت )ھرﻣوﻧﺎت اﻟذﻛورة( واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗؤدي ﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﻛﺗﻠﺔ‬ of muscle And bone mass ‫اﻟﻌﺿﻠﯾﺔ واﻟﻌظﻣﯾﺔ‬ Protein is a polymer built from various ‫ ﻣن‬20 ‫اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺑوﻟﯾﻣر ﯾﺑﻧﻰ ﻣن ﺗواﻓﯾق ﺑﯾن‬ combinations of 20 amino acid monomers ‫ﻣوﻧﯾﻣرات اﻷﺣﻣﺎض اﻷﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ This Presentation is NOT an Alternative to the Textbook!