Bisphenol A (BPA) PDF

A. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical produced in large quantities for use primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics. It is found in various products including shatterproof windows, eyewear, water bottles, and epoxy resins that coat some metal food cans, bottle tops, and water...

A. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical produced in large quantities for use primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics. It is found in various products including shatterproof windows, eyewear, water bottles, and epoxy resins that coat some metal food cans, bottle tops, and water supply pipes. origin and source ; BPA stands for bisphenol A, an industrial chemical that has been used to make certain plastics and resins since the 1950s. BPA is found in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastics are often used in containers that store food and beverages, such as water bottles. They may also be used in other consumer goods. B. origin; BPA was rst synthesized in 1891, by Russian chemist Aleksandr P. Dianin, who combined phenol with acetone in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce the chemical. In the 1950s scientists discovered that the reaction of BPA with phosgene (carbonyl chloride) produced a clear hard resin known as polycarbonate, which became widely used in the manufacture of plastics. C. Human exposure to bisphenol A Bisphenol A is almost everywhere in our environment and is released from common consumer goods (Figure 1). It may enter our body through di erent routes like dermal and oral exposure or only through inhalation (49). The primary route of exposure is dietary exposure, including consumption of seafood or even freshwater sh polluted via BPA, fresh food commodities from polluted regions, ingestion of food packed in plastic and cans containers, and drinking polluted water (50). The second foremost route of absorption for BPA is dermal exposure (51). Direct paper contact (especially thermal paper), toys, and medical devices proportionally increase the BPA potential against the skin. Inhalation is the third most important route of exposure through BPA- containing vapors, mists, dust, and gases. Absorption The primary route of BPA exposure in humans is oral ingestion, predominantly through consumption of contaminated food and beverages. Upon ingestion, BPA is e ciently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream. Studies indicate that orally administered BPA is well absorbed in humans, facilitating its entry into systemic circulation. EFSA JOURNAL Distribution Once absorbed, BPA distributes throughout the body via the bloodstream. Due to its lipophilic nature, BPA can cross cell membranes and has the potential to accumulate in various tissues, including adipose tissue, liver, and, to a lesser extent, the brain. However, the extent of tissue accumulation in humans remains a subject of ongoing research. Metabolism The liver plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of BPA. In humans, BPA undergoes rapid and extensive phase II metabolism, primarily through conjugation with glucuronic acid, forming BPA- glucuronide. This conjugation process signi cantly reduces BPA's estrogenic activity, as the metabolite exhibits a diminished ability to bind to estrogen receptors. Notably, humans exhibit e cient glucuronidation of BPA, leading to rapid formation of BPA-glucuronide. PUBMED Excretion The BPA-glucuronide conjugate is more water-soluble than its parent compound, facilitating its excretion from the body. In humans, BPA-glucuronide is predominantly eliminated via urine. The absence of signi cant enterohepatic recirculation in humans contributes to the rapid clearance of BPA, resulting in a relatively low body burden following exposure. ffi fi fi fi fi ff ffi  Adverse e ects;BPA exposure is associated with the incidence of growth disruption, halting normal development, infertility, endocrine system disruption, immune system suppression, and carcinogenicity t udies have revealed that oxidative stress, immune function, and in ammation are directly related to BPA exposure. The correlation between BPA and the induction of mitochondrial damage and cellular apoptosis resulted in systematic degradation (95–97), causing an alternation in immune cell populations and functioning of the innate and adaptive immune system owing to developmental BPA exposure which causes sex-speci c mental impairment and behavioral changes. Disturbed and depressive tendencies rose because “Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA),” a neuroactive steroid in males, is decreased, resulting in a possible pathway of the depressive-like phenotyp BPA is classi ed as a hazardous chemical in the EU due to its ability to damage fertility, and cause serious eye damage, allergic skin reactions and respiratory irritation Long term: BPA is an adverse endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) which suppresses or alters hormonal and enzyme synthesis, secretion, release, and transportation. BPA hinders the system’s activity by replacing endogenous hormones with transporter proteins.alteration changes the free and bound hormonal concentrations present in plasma. This chemical also influences the neuroendocrine function, causing a physiological interruption in the organs. Studies have shown the increased serum level of estradiol in females and reduced testosterone in males due to BPA ->Estrogens negatively affect the release of follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH). BPA can inhibit the estrogen binding to its receptors at the pituitary level, resulting in high levels of FSH and fl ff e fi fi LH hormones in circulation. This can lead to reproductive system issues such as polycystic ovarian syndrome. When exposed to BPA, females can develop fertility-related issues as it is very similar to estrogen structure and function. It binds to estrogen receptors and causes irreversible alteration to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. BPA will provoke estrogen and thus increase the chances of PCOs, delay puberty, miscarriages, endometriosis, premature births, and most of the time, BPA can cause infertility. (B) Exposure of males to bisphenol interferes with the reproductive system. BPA causes atrophy in the testis, apoptosis in Leydig cells and germ cells, and reduction in testosterone biosynthesis, which will either cause the reduction in spermatozoa reduction or inhibition of GnRH neurons. It causes sperm quality and quantity alterations, retardation of testicular development, infertility, and reduction in sperm motility. The incidence of numerous cancer types is rising exceptionally and appears to be linked with BPA. It includes breast, ovarian, uterus, prostate, and testicular cancer. The findings of the various in vivo studies on animals (i.e., mice, rats, etc.) concluded that the raised estrogenic activity depicts the carcinogenic mechanistic action of BPA. BPA’s activation of tumorigenesis and cancerous cell development are still under experimentation. BPA stimulates cellular responses through binding to ER, although they reflect a weak affinity to each other ->BPA interacts with the estrogen receptors and interferes with DNA methylation and gene expression after entering the nucleus. Thus altered gene expression leads to hypercell proliferation, which may lead to cancer. Mental health is highly in uenced by the disrupter BPA stimulates the receptors, leading to the proliferation of epithelial cells and also increases the volume of proximal and distal cells leading to hydronephrosis Disrupted growth susceptibility is higher at certain phases of the life cycle on BPA exposure, halting normal development. Fetal or postnatal development stages are more critical as the body systems are not fully developed. BPA affected growth disruption due to its metabolism and elimination through enzyme systems amalgamation Treatments: Exposures of Bisphenol- A and supplement of vitamin-C showed recovery in hepatic cells, interrenal cells and uriniferous tubules as compared to Bisphenol-A group. These showed that vitamin-C denotes as antidote against Bisphenol toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala.When shes expose with Bisphenol-A (2 mg/L) and vitamin-C (50mg/L showed recovery in their skin A noble and possible treatment could be made plausible by using natural products (NPs) istacia integerrima is a small size tree in the family of cashew Anacardiaceae, grown in the northern area of Pakistan.It was demonstrated that P. integerrima ameliorates BPA exposure-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by neutralizing oxidative stress and suppressing apoptosis fi fl d. ) ,  through the Ubc13/p53 pathway in rats. The anti- apoptotic effects of P. integerrima In infant rats, probiotic kefir treatment attenuated the progression of BPA exposure-induced hypertension and vascular changes, including vascular ROS/NO imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and damage, and pro-apoptotic effect Resveratrol (RSV) is a biologically active polyphenol compound produced in plants that are exposed to ionizing or infectious radiationIn ovarian cancer cells, RSV prevented cell proliferation by suppressing the cross-talk between estrogen receptor α and insulin growth factor-1 receptor signaling pathways They indicated that supplementation of vitamin-C along with bisphenol-A showed recovery in renal values, renal reaction after 15, 30 and 60 days as compared to control group. So, this indicated that vitamin-C works as antidote against bisphenol-A toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala Oxygen therapy if breathing compromise IV uids for dehydratio Activated charcoal for ingestion case Guidelines:The Environmental Protection Agency (APA), located in the United States, decreed 50 µg per kilogram of body weight per day as a reference dose, and this would be the maximum level of exposure considered non- harmful.138 The US Federal Drug Administration also decreed guidelines that limit the exposure to contaminants in products for children's use, such as formula packaging and baby bottles. The guidelines established by the European Union were set by the European Food Safety Authority, where a daily amount of 4 µg per kilogram of body weight per day is allowed. This daily dose indicates the limit that can be exposed without causing harm to health.139 Unlike American legislation, the European Union does not allow the use of the contaminant in cups, straws, and baby bottles. Canada has defined a maximum concentration of up to 0.005 mg of BPA present in water, which is acceptable; however, Health Canada has warned the population about the presence of BPA in baby bottles and baby formula packaging, warning the fl n s d preference for smaller packaging sustainable. Countries such as Australia, Japan, and China have created guidelines with tolerance limits for BPA in different environments and packaging. Despite public policies that seek to limit contact with BPA, stricter measures are still needed, especially in less developed countries. Together, debates are needed to confirm whether these limits are truly safe for long-term exposure. Therefore, continued research is recommended to obtain a broader understanding of the real potential health risks together with new, more viable, and safer alternatives to BPA