Cell Biology: Cavities, Mitosis, Cell Cycle, and More - PDF

Okay, here is the content of the images converted into a markdown format: ### Cavities Are spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs. ### TWO MAIN TYPES OF BODY CAVITIES * **DORSAL CAVITY** * Contains the central nervous system and consists of t...

Okay, here is the content of the images converted into a markdown format: ### Cavities Are spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs. ### TWO MAIN TYPES OF BODY CAVITIES * **DORSAL CAVITY** * Contains the central nervous system and consists of the 1.cranial cavity and 2.vertebral/spinal cavity. * No wall or boundaries separates its subdivisions. * **Cranial cavity**: Formed by cranial bonds; contains brain * **Vertebral cavity**: Formed by vertebral column/ back bones; contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves *** ### 6 CYCLES OF MITOSIS | Phase | Description | | :------------ | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Prophase** | Chromosomes condense and become visible, spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes move toward opposite poles. | | **Prometaphase** | Chromosomes continue to condense, kinetochores appear at the centromeres, mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores. | | **Metaphase** | Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate, each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles. | | **Anaphase** | Centromeres split in two, sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles, certain spindle fibers begin to elongate cell. | | **Telophase** | Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense, nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes, the mitotic spindle breaks down, spindle fibers continue to push poles apart. | | **Cytokinesis** | Animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells. Plant cells: a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, separates the daughter cells. | | *Image* | *A row of microscopy images shows cells in different phases of mitosis. Each image is labeled with the phase name and shows the characteristic arrangement of chromosomes and cellular structures for that stage.* | ### Cell divisions and the cell cycle 2 types of division * Mitosis - parent cell produces 2 daughter cells * For: TISSUE GROWTH, TISSUE REPAIR, TISSUE REPLACEMENT * Meiosis - occurs in sex cells *** ### Mitosis and Cytokinesis **Mitosis**: The process of cell division, resulting in two identical daughter cells. Great for repair of damage, produce body cells, makes identical cells. **P-M-A-T** Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase **Stages of Mitosis**: * **Prophase**: * Pro means before * Nucleus still there. * Chromosomes condense and become visible. * **Metaphase: (Middle)** * Chromosomes align at the center of the cell. * Chromosomes are dissembled; gone * Chromosome middle * **Anaphase:** * Away * Chromosome move away towards the pole * Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. * **Telophase**: * T - two end goal is two cells * Nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes, and the cell begins to divide. * **Cytokinesis**: The division of the cytoplasm, which completes the formation of two daughter cells. *** ### Cell Cycle Overview The cell cycle consists of two major phases: * Mitosis: Cell division * Interphase: Cell growth and normal function Interphase is further subdivided into three phases: * **G1: GROWTH PHASE** * New organelles are produced. * Increases proteins * Centrioles begin to replicate * Cell growth * Where the cell grows and carries out its normal metabolic functions. * It is the most variable phase in duration, ranging from a few hours to many days. * Cells grow and carry out normal functions, preparing to replicate DNA. * **S: SYNTHESIS PHASE** * Where the cell replicates its DNA. * The cell replicates its DNA, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genome. * **G2: SECOND GROWTH PHASE** * Where the cell prepares for mitosis it lasts approximately 5 hours. * The cell grows further and prepares for mitosis, making necessary proteins and organelles. * **G0**: A resting phase where cells have permanently stopped dividing, like nerve cells. *** ### 3. Osmosis * Movement of solvent * HC to LC Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane. * ICF-Intracellular fluid: Hydrophilic head * Extracellular fluid 35% 75% Since High to Low. VICE VERSA * always sulod) HYPOTONIC- uncontrolled level of water input thus swelling; PLASMOLYSIS- cell rupture or bursting * (always gawas) HYPERTONIC- shrinking; DEPLASMOLYSIS- continuous shrinking. *** * Newly formed layer- Phagosome * Organelle: LYSOSOME---Secretory Vesicles **Pinocytosis** Cell-drinking **Phagocytosis** *Image is of a cross-section model of a cell membrane going through phagocytosis* **Receptor-mediated endocytosis** *Image is of a cross-section model of a cell membrane going through receptor-mediated endocytosis* *** ### 2. Active Transport Lower Concentration to higher concentration, movement of solute with the aid of ATP to push the transport in the plasma membrane. **Endocytosis** Inside the cell movement * **Phagocytosis** * Cell-eating mechanism * Solid material inside * e.g. MACROPHAGE CELL- A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells **Exocytosis** Outside movement *** ### Types of Cellular Transport 1. **Diffusion** - movement of solutes or solids Higher concentration to lower concentration | Passive Diffusion | Facilitated Diffusion | | - - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - | | Simple Diffusion | Facilitated Diffusion | | *cross-section model of a cell membrane portraying cells actively transporting both through simple and facilitated diffusion.* |*cross-section model of a cell membrane portraying cells actively transporting both through simple and facilitated diffusion.* | MAIN DIFFENCE IS THE AID OF PROTEIN CHANNEL *** ### CELL ORGANELLES | Term | Description | | :--------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1. Nucleus | DNA; control center of the cell | | 2. Nucleolus | factory of ribosomes | | 3. Nuclear membrane/envelope | composed of lipids and proteins | | 4. Ribosomes | Non-membrane organelles: Involved in the synthesis of proteins. | | 5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | root/ passageway/transport system: outer surface (the surface in contact with the cytosol) with ribosomes. | | 6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | synthesis and storage of lipids | | 7. Golgi Apparatus | packaging center/ modify ribosomes (TRANSFORMER) | | 8. Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell; produce ATP, generates everything | | 9. Vacuoles | store nutrients and water on which a cell can rely for its survival (STORAGE ROOM) | *** ### ORGANIC 1. Carbohydrates - EFFICIENT; NOT SUFFICIENT 2. Protein 3. Lipid - NOT EFFICIENT; SUFFICIENT 4. Nucleic Acid - DNA (blueprint} *DNA Model* * DNA STRAND * HISTONE - a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome. * CHROMATIN - is a complex of DNA and proteins (mainly histones) * CHROMATID- more coils * CHROMOSOMES- long strings of DNA *** ### INORGANIC 2. **SALT** * Electrolytes (contains sium: potassium, Calcium, minerals. * It has electrical charges * Charge nerve impulses * For hydration * NA+CI-dissociation/buwag salts 3. **ACID** * Produce $6H^+$ 4. **BASE** * Produce $OH^-$ 5. **$O2$** 6. **$CO2$** **Image of the pH scale and descriptions:** * Gastric Juice kills microbe in our stomach * Same acidity as muriatic acid * EXTREMOPHILES- organisms or bacterias That survives extreme conditions. *** ### Inorganic 1. **Water** * High heat capacity. * Specific heat * Highly absorbant * 90% of water in the body of PLASMA. **Images of Water-Related Elements:** * Plasma- contains oxygen * Lubricant (saliva, mucus)- trasps dust, protects, disrupts against friction. * LYMPH- Jusay (lymph nodes)- antibodies, contains nutrients to feed the infection antibodies. * Interstitial Fluid- around cells Specilized fluids- around cavities Cushions the internal organs *** FLOATING RIBCAGE- below ribs STERNUM- connects the ribcage right to left Inferior- Abdoming Pelvic Cavity 4 ABDOMINAL CAVITIES * R UPPER Q * L UPPER Q * R LOWER Q * L LOWER Q Small intestine parts First part - duodenum, jujenom, illiaç INORGANIC- NO CARBON * Cells * Molecules * Atoms *** THE REGIONAL TERMS: * HEAD - CEPHALIC REGION * NECK- NECK REGION * TORSO/TRUNK - 1.THORACIC, 2. ABDOMINAL, 3. PELVIC * UPPER LIMB- ARMPIT TO CARPAL REGION * LOWER LIMB-LEG PART TO ANKLE * DORSAL (BACK) * MANUS (HAND) * PEDAL (SOLE, DIGITS, FOOT) BODY CAVITIES 1. protection 2. Compartmentalize- organize CORONAL-FRONTAL PLANE- 2 MAJOR CAVITY * dorsal cavity * ventral cavity protecting thoracic, pelvic, abdomen DORSAL ACITVITY * Cranial cavity * Spinal canal VENTRAL CAVITY * Pleural- compartmentalize the lungs * Pericardial cavity- heart compartment * Thoracic cavity subdivided by (enclose in rib cage) * Mediastinum trachea for aspiration process, hollow space where trachea are located * Diaphragm-Thin part muscle that separates thoracic to abdomino pelvic cavity, squeeze the lungs * Abdomino Pelvic Cavity- digestive organ are located, pelvic cavity where are reproductive organ are located. *** **The abdomen is divided into nine (9) regions of two transverse planes and two sagittal planes.** *Description of regions is in the table below:* | Region | Description | | --------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | | Right hypochondrium | Liver, Gallbladder | | Epigastric | Stomach | | Left hypochondrium | Spleen | | Right lumbar | Ascending colon | | Umbilical | Small intestine | | Left lumbar | Descending colon | | Right iliac | Appendix | | Hypogastrium | Urinary bladder | | Left iliac | Sigmoid colon | **The abdomen is divided into four (4) regions by a transverse plane and a midsagittal plane that cross at the umbilicus.** | Region | Description | | --------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | | Right Upper Quadrant | Liver, Gallbladder | | Left Upper Quadrant | Stomach | | Right Lower Quadrant | Appendix | | Left Lower Quadrant | Sigmoid colon | *** Areas of the Abdomen