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humans and microorganisms interact 0:09 by the end of this video what you should 0:11 have gained is the ability to explain 0:13 the ways that humans manipulate 0:15 organisms for our own use 0:17 identify multiple professions using 0:19 microbiology 0:21 and summarize a burden...

humans and microorganisms interact 0:09 by the end of this video what you should 0:11 have gained is the ability to explain 0:13 the ways that humans manipulate 0:15 organisms for our own use 0:17 identify multiple professions using 0:19 microbiology 0:21 and summarize a burden of human disease 0:23 caused by microorganisms 0:25 particularly being able to note the 0:27 difference between developed and 0:28 developing nations 0:33 humans have been using microorganisms 0:34 for thousands of years to improve life 0:37 and even shape civilizations for example 0:40 we've used yeast and other fungi to 0:43 produce bread 0:45 and wine and beer and cheese 0:48 and in fact as early as early egypt they 0:51 were using moldy bread as a way to treat 0:53 wounds long before penicillin was 0:56 discovered more modern ways we use 0:58 microorganisms include biotechnology 1:01 which is the manipulation of 1:02 microorganisms to make products in an 1:04 industrial setting for example there are 1:07 humans who need to take insulin 1:08 injections well insulin is a human 1:11 protein we don't extract the insulin 1:14 from a human to give to a different 1:15 human 1:16 instead what we do is through techniques 1:19 which you'll learn a little bit about in 1:20 this course 1:21 we cause an organism such as a yeast to 1:25 build human insulin protein and then we 1:28 use those yeast as little factories to 1:30 make insulin for humans to give to 1:32 humans for insulin injections now that 1:34 would involve the use of genetic 1:35 engineering which is where we manipulate 1:38 the genetics of microbes plants and 1:39 animals 1:40 for the purpose of creating new products 1:42 and genetically modified organisms or 1:44 gmos 1:45 that also involves recombinant dna 1:47 technology which are the techniques that 1:49 allow the transfer of genetic material 1:51 from one organism to another and to 1:54 deliberately alter dna for example to 1:57 take the gene from humans it codes for 1:59 the insulin protein and put that gene 2:01 into yeast so yeast can start building 2:03 human insulin protein for us 2:05 we also use microorganisms for 2:07 bioremediation 2:08 which is introduction of microbes into 2:10 the environment to restore stability or 2:13 to clean up toxic pollutants for example 2:16 when there's an oil spill sometimes we 2:18 can use microorganisms to help us clean 2:20 up that oil spill so what are the 2:22 branches of microbiology what are the 2:23 professions that some people can go into 2:25 in the field of microbiology well 2:27 microbiologists study cell structure and 2:29 function growth in physiology genetics 2:32 taxonomy and evolutionary history and 2:35 interactions with the living and 2:36 non-living environment we have medical 2:39 microbiology which deals with microbes 2:41 that cause diseases in humans and 2:43 animals 2:44 public health microbiology and 2:46 epidemiology that monitor the control 2:48 and spread of diseases and communities 2:50 these are things such as the cdc the 2:52 center for disease control prevention or 2:55 who the world health organization 2:57 farther back in time we had individuals 2:59 who you might not think 3:01 today as a modern scientist looking like 3:03 this but this was david bruce who was a 3:05 microbiologist who back in 1887 3:08 discovered the microorganism that caused 3:09 malta fever we have immunology which is 3:12 a complex web of protective substances 3:15 and cells produced in response to 3:16 infection this includes vaccination 3:19 blood testing and allergies 3:22 the role of the immune system in cancer 3:23 and autoimmune diseases 3:25 then we have industrial microbiology 3:27 which safeguards our food and our water 3:30 we use biotechnology and microbes are 3:32 used to create amino acids beer drugs 3:35 enzymes and vitamins agricultural 3:37 microbiology is the relationship between 3:39 microbes and domesticated plants and 3:41 animals and environmental microbiology 3:43 is the effect of microbes on the earth's 3:45 diverse habitats now if we're talking 3:47 about the interaction between microbes 3:49 and humans we also need to discuss 3:51 infectious diseases 3:53 so a pathogen is any agent such as a 3:56 virus a bacteria a fungus a predaton or 3:58 a helmet that causes disease 4:01 there are nearly 2 000 different 4:03 microbes that can cause disease now 4:06 here's a chart showing the main causes 4:07 of death both in the united states 4:11 and worldwide now if we look within the 4:14 united states we see that there are 4:16 causes of death due to microorganisms 4:18 such as influenza and pneumonia 4:22 but 4:24 in the united states in a developed 4:25 nation our major causes of death are not 4:28 typically microorganisms however if you 4:30 look worldwide which includes developing 4:32 nations 4:33 microorganisms causing influenza and 4:36 pneumonia cause a much higher percentage 4:38 of the deaths and you also have other 4:41 microorganism causes of death within the 4:43 top 10 causes of death worldwide the 4:45 diseases most clearly caused by 4:47 microorganisms would be influenza or the 4:50 flu pneumonia diarrheal diseases and 4:53 tuberculosis so some examples of 4:55 infectious diseases 4:57 malaria kills about 4:59 450 000 people every year 5:02 it's transmitted by mosquitoes but the 5:05 cause of the disease is a microorganism 5:07 we also have new what's called emergent 5:09 diseases as well as older or re-emerging 5:12 diseases which are increasing 5:14 things like ebola aids hepatitis c and 5:17 viral encephalitis while polio leprosy 5:20 and parasitic worm diseases has largely 5:22 been eradicated certain diseases that 5:25 were once considered non-infectious are 5:27 now found to be caused by microbes 5:30 such as gastric ultras caused by 5:32 helobacter pylori 5:34 which you can see in this image at the 5:36 bottom of the figure 5:38 we found a link between certain cancers 5:40 and bacteria or viruses 5:43 the kassacki virus has been associated 5:45 with diabetes and schizophrenia 5:48 multiple sclerosis ocd coronary heart 5:50 disease and obesity 5:52 can be partially linked to chronic 5:54 microbial infections 5:56 today we're discovering the subtler side 5:58 of microorganisms and the quiet slow 6:00 destructive diseases they cause for 6:02 example female infertility caused by 6:04 chlamydia infections 6:06 liver cancer which can be caused by the 6:08 hepatitis virus and cervical cancer that 6:10 can be caused by hpv human papilloma 6:13 virus 6:14 also an increasing number of patients 6:15 with weakened immune systems are subject 6:17 to infections by common microbes which 6:20 are not pathogenic to healthy people 6:23 drug resistant microbes can also 6:24 contribute to the increase in infectious 6:26 disease for example you might have heard 6:28 of mrsa before which stands for 6:30 methicillin-resistant saphococcus aureus 6:33 is a bacteria that's resistant to many 6:35 antibiotics right now so it's very 6:37 difficult to fight off a mrsa infection 6:40 so this is just a very brief 6:42 introduction between the interactions 6:45 between humans and 6:46 microorganisms we're going to go into a 6:49 lot of details about those interactions 6:51 throughout the rest of the semester but 6:53 until then this has been dr sage so once we identify a species we want to  0:03 classify it to understand it and one way 0:05 of doing that is for taxonomy okay 0:08 we use a linnaean system named after 0:10 carl linnaeus who came up with this 0:12 system and it goes through a series of 0:14 broader and broader groups to classify 0:16 that organism 0:18 for example let's say we're talking 0:19 about your dog you have in your house 0:21 okay that's a subspecies canis lupus 0:24 familiaris that's the name of the 0:27 domesticated dog 0:29 okay that's of the species canis lupus 0:32 and then the genus canis that's in the 0:34 family 0:35 order class phylum kingdom domain what 0:38 we're doing is we're getting into 0:39 broader and broader groups so if we 0:42 start here at the domain as we go up 0:45 this tax anonymous tree each one becomes 0:47 more and more specific 0:49 each sub-level and taxonomic 0:50 classification system organizes more 0:53 similar to each other for example dogs 0:56 and wolves are actually the same species 0:58 because they can breed together and 1:00 produce viable offspring but they're 1:01 different enough to be classified as 1:02 different subspecies another way of 1:04 depicting this 1:06 okay the broadest category is called the  1:09 domain 1:11 the most specific category is typically 1:13 the species or could be subspecies in 1:15 this example and this example is 1:17 depicting your family dog but just for a 1:19 second let's not talk about a dog 1:22 instead let's talk about a mustang and i 1:24 don't mean the horse i mean the car 1:27 so a 1:28 mustang 1:30 is let's say mustang 1:32 is a type of ford 1:35 mustang 1:37 is a type of ford but there are other 1:40 types of fords besides mustangs like you 1:42 could have an escort 1:44 now ford is a type of car 1:48 and there are other types of cars 1:49 besides fords besides fords you could 1:52 have let's say a hyundai 1:55 and then car is a type of automobile 1:59 besides cars you could have other things 2:02 like trucks or vans 2:06 an automobile is a type of 2:07 transportation okay besides 2:11 automobiles 2:12 you could have a 2:14 train or a plane or a boat there's 2:17 different types of transportation 2:19 so we're doing is we're classifying that 2:21 thing the ford mustang into broader and  2:24 broader categories a mustang is a type 2:26 of ford which is the type of car which 2:28 is a type of automobile which is a type 2:30 of transportation 2:31 okay we can do the same thing with the 2:33 living organisms on this planet 2:36 and that's what taxonomy is classifying 2:38 these organisms into broader and broader 2:40 categories 2:42 their broadest category is called the 2:44 domain there's three domains of life on 2:46 this planet everything living on this 2:48 planet fits into one of three domains 2:49 that's the domain eukarya 2:52 bacteria and archaea 2:54 and we're going to learn about different 2:55 organisms in those domains throughout 2:57 the rest of this semester 2:59 okay the domain eukarya those are things 3:01 you're very familiar with things like 3:03 animals and plants 3:05 and fungus which is not a plant and 3:08 protists you probably haven't really 3:10 heard much of before we're going to 3:11 learn a little bit about in this class 3:13 the dog 3:14 is in the domain eukarya 3:17 more specifically it's an animal now by 3:19 known as animal you already know a lot 3:21 about it you know it's an animal it's 3:22 not a plant  3:24 okay because animals and plants are very 3:26 different from each other 3:27 so it's a eukaryote it's an animal it 3:30 has a spinal column it's a mammal it's a 3:32 carnivore etc yeah you get more and more 3:35 specific until you have the species or 3:38 in this case the subspecies the actual 3:40 like domesticated dog this species is 3:43 given a name okay and that's its 3:45 scientific name in this case it's called 3:47 canis lupus everything we've identified 3:49 we've given a scientific name to and the 3:51 scientific name is always a two name 3:53 system okay which is the genus in this 3:56 case canis 3:58 okay so that's genus 4:00 followed by the specific epithet 4:03 okay in this case lupus 4:06 all right so let me explain a little 4:07 more detail 4:08 the species name is the genus 4:10 plus the specific epithet 4:14 you write this is a very specific way 4:16 you write it 4:17 the genus is always capitalized the 4:20 first letter is capitalized 4:22 and the entire 4:24 species name so the genus plus the 4:25 specific epithet is always written in 4:28 italics 4:30 unless you write it by hand you can't  4:32 write an italics in that case you 4:33 underline it 4:34 for example we our species were called 4:37 homo sapiens our genus is homo our 4:39 specific hepatitis is sapiens you would 4:41 write it like this capital h 4:44 and the genus lowercase s the specific 4:46 epithet and put it in italics 4:49 or in the case of the domestic dog 4:51 canis genus lupus 4:54 specific death and then the subspecies 4:56 familiaris 4:58 now the higher taxonomic names are 4:59 capitalized but not italicized okay so 5:02 for example here 5:05 this is in italics 5:06 okay but these other ones are 5:08 capitalized but they're not written in 5:10 italics so that's the end of this video 5:12 where we talked about taxonomy this has 5:14 been dr sage