Science Test Review PDF

Unit 1: Biodiversity Term List Term Notes/Definition Atmosphere A layer of gas that extends from the earth’s surface to the edge of space (~600 km). Lithoshpere The rocky...

Unit 1: Biodiversity Term List Term Notes/Definition Atmosphere A layer of gas that extends from the earth’s surface to the edge of space (~600 km). Lithoshpere The rocky outer shell of the Earth. Hydrosphere Composed of all water on Earth. Biosphere The area within the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere where life exists. Ecosystem Made up of living organisms and their non-living environment. Biotic factor Living organisms and their remains/products. Abiotic factor Non living organisms. Sustainability Have maintained a relatively constant set of characteristics over a long period of time. Photosynthesis The process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy. Cellular respiration The process by which organisms use sugar as fuel to generate energy (ATP). Consumer Eat other organisms to get their sugar. Producer Organisms that do photosynthesis. Food chain A linear feeding sequence in which each kind organism eats the one below it. Food web Set of interconnected food chains. The more complex it is, the more sustainable it is. Trophic level The position of an organism along a food chain. Limiting factor The factors which determine the success of a species are called limiting factors. Carrying capacity When the population has reached the upper limit that the ecosystem can support Invasive species Non-active species who are intentionally/accidentally introduced to an ecosystem, and negatively impact the natural environment  Biodiversity The variety of life in an area Bioremediation - The process of using microorganisms to clean oil by feeding on it. Bioaccumulation - when individual organisms build up the chemical in their body. Biomagnification - when POPs are passed from one trophic level to the next in a food chain. Concepts I should know for the science test… - How the four spheres of the earth are connected The biosphere is the area within the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere where life exists. - How to identify different organisms trophic levels (i.e., producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, etc) The 1st trophic level is producers, 2nd trophic level is primary consumers, 3rd trophic level is secondary consumers, 4th trophic level is tertiary consumers, etc. - The reactants/products of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis The reactants of photosynthesis are water + carbon dioxide + sunlight and the products are oxygen + sugar(glucose). The reactants of cellular respiration are sugar + oxygen and the products are carbon dioxide + water + energy(ATP). - How to study a food web, and infer the effects of adding/removing organisms from it Tell which trophic levels the animals are, the effects of adding organisms can increase population for some animals or reduce population and the effects of removing can do this as well. - How various factors affect the biogeochemical cycles (i..e, water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle) Factors like mountain areas becoming unusually warm can increase the ocean levels as a result of more run-off/groundwater. Air pollution can also cause the water to carry the pollution throughout the environment. - How to identify biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem - The factors that lead to increase in biodiversity ​ If a place is warmer, it tends to have higher biodiversity, climate for short - The similarities and differences between primary and secondary succession - The 5 ways in which biodiversity is being threatened by human activities H - Habitat Loss I - Invasive species C - Climate change O - Overconsumption P - Pollution - The risk-level categories of species Special concern - a species that may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of factors Threatened - likely to become endangered if factors reducing its survival are not changed Endangered - facing imminent extirpation or extinction Extirpated - a species that no longer exists in a specific area (may exist elsewhere) Extinct - species no longer can be found on Earth 1. You are planning an overnight camping trip in the desert. a. What are two biotic and two abiotic factors that you may encounter on your trip? Abiotic - low rainfall, lots of sunlight and temperature. Biotic - plants, animals, and insects. b. Describe equipment and supplies that will help you adapt to the factors that you named in part An insect repellent, lots of water, sunscreen, portable fan, sunglasses, knife, brimmed hat and more. 2. A partial food web is shown to the right. The mice in this food web are infected by a disease that greatly reduces their population. a. How will the decrease in the mouse population affect the grasshopper population? Explain your answer. The decrease in the mouse population will cause the grasshopper population to increase because the grasshoppers often get eaten by mouse. b. Considering your answer to part (a), how will the decrease in mouse population affect the meadowlark population? Explain your answer. The decrease in mouse population will increase the meadowlarks population because they will have more grasshoppers to feed on since the mice aren’t there to eat them anymore. 3. Describe two (2) similarities between all geochemical cycles (water, carbon, and nitrogen) They all involve the transfer of substances between living organisms and the environment. They are all biogeochemical cycles, meaning they involve both biological (living) and geological (Earth and atmospheric) components. 4. Lionfish are a popular marine aquarium fish species. They are native to the tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean. Unfortunately, they have been released into the water off the southeastern United States and are rapidly spreading through the Caribbean Sea. They are voracious eaters of small fish and have few natural enemies. a. What would you expect to happen to the population of this species over the next few years? The population of this species would increase by a lot because they have very few predators but a lot of fish to feed on. b. They are likely to reduce the population of small fish, including herbivorous ones who help control algae growth on coral reefs. This can lead to overgrown algae, harming coral reef health and biodiversity. Alongside this their predation might outcompete other predators causing changes in the food web. c. They can use their poisonous spines to fight off potential predators and allow them to thrive in new environments where predators aren’t familiar with them and don't want to prey on them. 5. 6. Habitat loss in Ontario is not as bad as it once was. Does that mean that people living in Ontario are no longer contributing to habitat loss? Explain. No, because human activities still have an impact on natural habitats, and some of those come from Ontario. Those activities include Urban Expansion and development, climate change, pollution, and resource extraction. Continued urbanization and infrastructure development lead to fragmentation and reduction of natural habitats. Logging, mining, and farming activities in Ontario can still degrade or eliminate habitats, particularly in rural and forested areas. Human activities contribute to climate change, which indirectly affects habitats by mainly increasing the frequency of extreme weather events. Pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban sources can degrade water, soil, and air quality, impacting habitats and the species that depend on them. 7. The insecticide DDT was used in amounts not considered harmful in Clear Lake, California to control gnats. Examine the chart to the right and answer the following questions. a. Even though the concentration of DDT added to the water was very low, describe what happened as it entered the various organisms in the food chain. The concentration of the DDT started to gradually increase as the trophic levels increased. b. Explain how the grebe could have such a high concentration of DDT in its Body. It could only achieve a concentration that high because it ate the fish which had a high concentration of DDT and this is called biomagnification. c. In your opinion is there any concentration of DDT that would be safe to use in the lake? Explain your answer. No because over time the concentration will increase as you go further and further up the food chain and DDT is proven to be highly toxic to aquatic animals so putting any amount in a lake will not be safe.