Science Study Guide PDF

Science Study Guide Lesson 2.1 (What is a structure, types, form and function): Structure -​ A structure is something with a definite size, shape, purpose, and can hold a load. A structure is something that supports an object or weight. Form and function -​ Form is the shape, size, and...

Science Study Guide Lesson 2.1 (What is a structure, types, form and function): Structure -​ A structure is something with a definite size, shape, purpose, and can hold a load. A structure is something that supports an object or weight. Form and function -​ Form is the shape, size, and materials of a structure. The materials used to build structures depend on many factors. -​ Function is a structure's purpose or ability to do something. Different types of structures Shell structures -​ A shell structure uses an outside layer to provide support. -​ A glass or metal can is an example of a shell structure. When something is placed inside of a metal can, the outside of the can provides support to hold everything together. -​ An egg is another example of a shell structure. Frame structure -​ Frame structure relies on a framework arrangement that is made from parts that are connected together. -​ Frame structure can be two or three dimensional. -​ A fence is an example of a two dimensional frame structure. -​ The frame of a house is an example of a three dimensional frame structure. Solid structure -​ Solid structures are made from one piece of solid material. -​ The mass of the material is made to resist forces. -​ Concrete dams and pyramids are both solid structures. -​ Solid structures are also referred to as mass structures. Lesson 2.2 (Forces and static + dynamic loads): Force  -​ A force is a push or pull motion. A force can make an object start moving, or stop moving. Forces act on all structures. -​ An external force acts on an object or structure from outside the structure. Gravity is considered an external force. -​ An internal force is a force that happens from within the structure. Internal forces can be classified as compression, tension, shear and torsion. -​ Force is created when two objects touch (contact force). -​ Force created without touching another object (non-contact force). Static and dynamic loads -​ A static load is something that does not change. The size, position, and direction of a static load always remain the same. The weight of a structure is an example of a static load. -​ A dynamic load is a force that can change when acting on a structure. Wind and snow are examples of dynamic loads that can be placed on a structure. Lesson 2.3 (Symmetry and forces on bridges): Symmetry -​ Symmetry is when the object is the same on both sides. In structures, symmetry also refers to a general sense of balance and harmony. -​ Symmetry can also be referred to as the line of symmetry. A line of symmetry is an imaginary line that can go in any direction, as long as the part of the objects on both sides is reflected. Lesson 2.4 (Structural safety and materials): Structural safety -​ There is something known as the Ontario Building Code. The Ontario Building Code helps structures become more safe and sturdy, so people can feel better about living in that building. It promotes public health and safety, fire protection, accessibility etc. -​ A sensor is a device that can detect or measure a certain condition. Engineers use sensors to detect building vibrations, which can be monitored by using a computer. -​ Load design structures are designed to carry loads that are much heavier than they will have to bear. Materials -​ Material properties: the materials should benefit the product or structure in some way. -​ Availability: if the materials are rare or not readily available, they may not be suitable. -​ Cost: some materials may need to be deported from different locations. The costs associated with this may not be worth the benefit. -​ Aesthetics: the visual appeal of the material. -​ Disposal: some materials may be costly or difficult to dispose of, or they may be harmful to the environment. Vocabulary: Force: A force is a push or pull motion. A force can make an object start moving, or stop moving. Forces act on all structures. Internal force: An internal force is a force that happens from within the structure. Internal forces can be classified as compression, tension, shear and torsion. External force: An external force acts on an object or structure from outside the structure. Gravity is considered an external force. (and wind) Shear: Shear is a force that pushes in both directions. Torsion: Torsion is a force in a twisting motion. Tension: Tension is a force that expands or lengthens. Compression: Compression is a force that compresses something. Sensor: A sensor is a device that can detect or measure a certain condition. Engineers use sensors to detect building vibrations, which can be monitored by using a computer. Ergonomics: relating to or designed for efficiency and comfort in the working environment for humans Symmetry: Symmetry is when the object is the same on both sides. Aesthetics: Aesthetics is the beauty and artistic taste of something. Static load: A static load is something that does not change. The size, position, and direction of the object always stay the same. Dynamic load: A dynamic load is a force that can change when acting on a structure. Line of symmetry: Line of symmetry is an imaginary line that can go in any direction, as long as the part of the object is both reflected. Suspension bridge: This bridge uses cables to suspend from towers to support the load. Beam bridge: A simple bridge that consists of a horizontal beam supported by piers. Arch bridge: This bridge uses a semicircular shape to support the walls, it uses retaining walls to support the load.wh Truss bridge: Similar to a bridge beam, this bridge has a brace that is made from triangles to provide extra support. Form: Form is the shape, size, and materials of a structure. The materials used to build the structure depend on many factors. Function: Function is a structure’s purpose or ability to do something. “Form follows function”: You have to be able to know the function before deciding on the form. Plane of Application: The point of application is the location on an object where an external force is applied. The plane of application is an imaginary flat surface through which the applied force passes. Point of Application: the exact location at which a force is applied to an object. The point and the force cannot move. Ex: When someone is pushing a trolley by hand, there is a region of the handle of the trolley where the hand pushes.