Science Reviewer Q2 - Electricity, Circuits, and Earth Layers PDF

**SCIENCE REVIEWER Q2** **ELECTRICITY** **Electricity\ **- a form of energy that can be carried by wires and is used for heating, lighting, and to provide power for machines. **Circuit\ **- a pathway where charges can flow from a voltage source. **Common Circuit Components\ Battery** -- It is th...

**SCIENCE REVIEWER Q2** **ELECTRICITY** **Electricity\ **- a form of energy that can be carried by wires and is used for heating, lighting, and to provide power for machines. **Circuit\ **- a pathway where charges can flow from a voltage source. **Common Circuit Components\ Battery** -- It is the voltage source in a circuit. The longer the line is the positive terminal and the shorter is the negative terminal\ **Resistor - I**t is used to reduce current flow in a circuit.\  **Switch** - Its closes and opens the circuit. Wen the circuit is open, there is no current flowing around he circuit.\ **Bulb** -- It turns electricity (electric energy) to light ad then heat. It is one of the common loads in an electric circuit.\  **The Ohm's Law\ George Simon Ohm\ **- He is a German physicist who formulated the Ohm's Law\ - He found the relationship among voltage, resistance, and current and expressed it as, **V = IR** **Ohmic Materials\ **- Substance which obeys Ohm's Law.\ - The ratio of current to voltage remains constant.\ Ex. Copper, Aluminum, Nichrome **Non-Ohmic Materials\ **- Substance which does not obey Ohm's Law\ - The ratio of current to voltage remains not constant\ Ex. Transistors, Diode, Vacuum tubes **Current\ **- It is the flow of electron in a conductor from one atom to the next atom.\ - Its symbol is "**I**"\ - It's measured in **amperes "A".** **Voltage\ **- It is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source.\ - Its symbol is **"V".\ **- It is measured in **volts.** **Resistance**\ - Resistance is a measure of the opposite to current flow in an electrical circuit.\ - Its symbol is **"R".\ **- It is measured in **ohms Ω.** **Ohm's Law\ **This law states the voltage is directly proportional to current under constant resistance. Mathematically, this is written as: **V=IR** Where;\ **V** - Voltage in V (volt)\ **I** -- Current in A (ampere)**\ R** -- Resistance in Ω (ohms) **Units of Measurement\ **kilo=1000\ milli=1/1,000\ micro=1/1,000,000\ mega=1,000,000 **SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS** ----------------------- **Vt = V1 + V2 + V3** ----------------------- ----------------------- **It = I1 = I2 = I3** ----------------------- ----------------------- **Rt = R1 + R2 + R3** ----------------------- **Series Circuit\ **- A circuit where the bulbs are connected in one path.\ - All the current will travel through each device.\ - As you add more light bulbs, the resistance gets bigger.\ - As resistance gets bigger, current gets smaller.\ - Voltage Current Resistance \- When one light is busted, the rest will not light up anymore. **Parallel\ **- A circuit where the bulbs are connected in two or more pathways.\ - All of the current will not travel through each device. **\ **- As you add more light bulbs, the resistance actually gets smaller and smaller. ----------------------- **Vt = V1 = V2 = V3** ----------------------- ----------------------- **It = I1 + I2 + I3** ----------------------- \- As resistance gets smaller and smaller, current gets larger and larger.\ - Voltage Current Resistance \- When one light is busted, the rest will continue to light up. **THE LAYERED EARTH** **The Layers of Earth\ **A. The primary layers of earth\ - Crust\ - Mantle\ - Outer core\ - Inner core B. The complete layers of earth\ - Lithosphere\ - Crust\ - Asthenosphere\ - Mantle\ - Outer core\ - Inner core **Crust\ **- Outermost layer\ - 5-70 km in thickness\ - **Continental crust** (found under the continents 330-45km thick) and **Oceanic crust** (found under ocean basins, 6km thick)\ - Made of graphite/andesite and basalt\ - 1% of Earth's volume **Geological Processes on the Crust\ Weathering** -- breaking of rocks and minerals on the Earth's surface\ **Erosion** - soil, rock, and other surfaces are worn away and transported\ **Plate Tectonics** -- a scientific theory; Earth's crust is divided into several plates **Asthenosphere\ **- 100km to 700km thick from the crust\ - allows tectonic plate to move **Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho)**\ - boundary between lower crust and upper mantle\ - 700km thick **Mantle\ **- largest and thickest layer\ - 84% of Earth's volume\ - made of molten rocks (magma)\ - composed of peridotite (dark igneous rock, sometimes has diamonds)\ - **Upper mantle** (semi-fluid layer) and **Lower mantle** (solid layer) **Guttenberg Discontinuity\ -** boundary between lower mantle and outer core **Core\ **- central part of Earth\ - rich in sulfur and iron\ - discovered by Rischard Oldham (1906)\ - **Outer core**: only liquid layer of Earth, believed to be responsible for Earth's magnetic field, 2550km from Earth's surface\ - **Inner core**: solid layer discovered by Inge Lehmann, has a diameter of 1120km **Lehmann Discontinuity**\ - boundary between outer core and inner core **EARTHQUAKES** **Earthquake\ **- shaking of the ground that occurs along geological faults **Types of Earthquakes\ Tectonic earthquakes** -- Occurs when the Earth's crust breaks or moves due to geological forces**\ Volcanic earthquakes** -- relates to volcanic activities **\ Collapse earthquake** -- occurs in underground mines that are caused by seismic waves from rock explosions on the Earth's surface\ **Explosion earthquake --** occur from any denotation of any nuclear or chemical device **Parts of an Earthquake\ Focus or Hypocenter** -- where the earthquake begins\ **Epicenter** -- the point directly above the focus, where the great damage occurs\ **Fault** -- fracture found between two blocks of rocks on the Earth's crust where compression and tension forces cause displacement of the rocks; the **"weak point"** **Different Types of Faults\ Normal Fault\ **- the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall\ - the forces in normal faults are pulling apart or extensional forces **Reverse Fault**\ - the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall\ - the forces that creates reverse faults are compressional **Srtike-slip Fault**\ - motion of the blocks are horizontal or sideways\ - also known as transcurrent fault **Actie Faults\ **- Active faults are those that move one or more times in the last 10, 000 years. **Inactive Faults\ **- Inactive faults are those that did not move or have been inactive for millions of years. **Magnitude\ **- relative size or strength of an earthquake\ - the amplitude size of the seismic waves is measured using a seismograph\ - **Ritcher scale** -- developed by Charles Ritcher **Intensity\ **- severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on Earth's surface\ - **Rossi-Forel Scale** and **Mercalli Scale** **Different Types of Seismic Waves\ Surface waves** -- travels through the surface of the Earth\ **Body waves** -- penetrates through the layers of the Earth - **P waves (primary waves)** -- particles of the material move back and forth in the same direction as the wave when travelling (compression and expansion) - **S waves (secondary waves)** -- particles of the material move perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation (side-to-side or up and down), often described as a "shaking" motion **Body waves**\ - the first to be recorded are the P waves because they move faster than S waves\ - P waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases and may cause less damage as they propagate\ - S waves are slower because they can travel only through solids **Tsunami**\ - sea waves generated through underwater earthquakes reach heights greater than five meters.\ - ["tsunami"] comes from the Japanese word that means ["wave of the harbor"]\ - can also be produced by underwater landslides and underwater volcanic eruptions **UNDERSTADING TYPHOONS** **PAG-ASA** -- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration **PAR** -- Philippine Area of Responsibility **Parts of Typhoon**\ **Eye**\ - very center of the typhoon\ - where the air sinks and is mostly cloud-free\ - generally calm and has light winds that do not exceed 24 km/h **Eye wall\ **- part of the typhoon that is composed of tall rings of thunderstorms that produce heavy rains and strong winds\ - Changes in the eye and the eye wall affects the wind speed **Rainbands\ **- clouds that move away from the eye wall spirally\ - these bands can bring heavy rains and winds **How does Typhoons form?\ **When the wind blows into the ocean, in areas where the water is warm, it collects moisture and then moves up while the colder air moves down. The air movement will create pressure, causing the wind to move quickly and be more intense. **Different Names of Tropical Cyclones**\ **Typhoons**\ - formed in the Northwest Pacific Ocean **Cyclones\ **-formed in the South Pacific Ocean **Hurricanes**\ - tropical storms that form in the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeast and South Pacific Ocean **Classification of Tropical Cyclones**\ - Tropical Depression (61 kph or less)\ - Tropical Storm (62 -- 88 kph)\ - Severe Tropical Storm (89 -- 117 kph)\ - Typhoon (118 -- 220 kph)\ - Super Typhoon (more than 220 kph) **Tropical Cyclone Advisory Domain\ **- This is the \"middle domain\" located between the PAR and the tropical cyclone information domain. The TCAD completely encloses the PAR but is smaller than the TCID. **Tropical Cyclone Information Domain**\ - The TCID is the area enclosed by the imaginary lines connecting the coordinates: 0°N 110°E, 27°N 110°E, 27°N 155°E and 4°N 145°E. The TCID does not include the PAR and the TCAD. **OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM** **Asteroid**\ - rocky celestial objects that are also known as planetoids and minor planets\ - the closer the asteroid is to the sun, the less silicates it has\ - some has moons\ - can be as big as 530 km in diameter **Main Belt**\ - the asteroid belt, which is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter - **Near-Earth asteroids** are asteroids that pass near Earth - **Trojans** are asteroids located near Jupiter Lagrange **4 Vesta Asteroid**\ - The largest known asteroid in the [inner solar system] is 4 Vesta with an average diameter of 55 km.\ - 4 Vesta is the second most massive celestial body (next to Ceres, which is classified as a dwarf planet by NASA) found in the asteroid belt. It has a mass equal to 9% of all the combined asteroids.\ - 4 Vesta was discovered by **Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers** in 1807 in Bremen, Germany. **Comets**\ - known as dirty snowballs, are made up of frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbit the Sun\ - ["comet"] comes from the Greek word [kometes,] which means ["long-haired star"\ ]- generally composed of three major parts, namely, the nucleus, the coma, and the tail - **Nucleus** -- solid and known as the central part of a comet - **Coma** -- the gas and dust form a large, glowing cloud around the comet\'s nucleus, known as the coma - **Coma Tail** -- a **white dust tail** that curves gently behind the comet, and a **bluish ion tail** made of charged gas molecules, which always points directly away from the Sun **Kuiper Belt\ **- an area where most comets are found and is located near the orbits of Neptune up to Pluto and a little beyond **Oort Cloud**\ - named after Jan Oort, is found at the outermost part of the solar system **Halley's Comet**\ - a short-period comet that comes near Earth every 75 to 76 years\ - visible to the human eye, and due to its short-period orbit, it can be seen twice in a human lifetime\ - last seen was in 1986 and it's projected to return in 2061 **Edmon Hally\ **- An English astronomer who studied reports about the comets that approached Earth in the years 1531, 1607, and 1682.\ - predicted the next appearance of the comet but was not able to observe that come t's next appearance\ -His discovery and predictions about the comet caused it to be named after him. **Meteor, Meteoroid, Meteorite\ - Meteoroids** are debris that orbit the solar system and are usually rocky and metallic.\ - When a meteoroid enters Earth\'s atmosphere and burns up, creating a streak of light, it becomes **a meteor**.\ - However, some meteoroids are large enough that they can still reach the surface of Earth. When they do, they are called **meteorites**.