SCIENCE_REVIEWER_MANUEL (1).docx

**SCIENCE** **Introduction to Evolution** **Evidences of Evolution** **Biodiversity** **Test Types:** **I. Multiple Choice (38 pts)** **II. Modified True or False (10 pts)** **III. Short Answer Response (12 pts)** **INTRO TO EVOLUTION** **Jean Baptiste Lamarck** \- 3 THEORY( **need, use &...

**SCIENCE** **Introduction to Evolution** **Evidences of Evolution** **Biodiversity** **Test Types:** **I. Multiple Choice (38 pts)** **II. Modified True or False (10 pts)** **III. Short Answer Response (12 pts)** **INTRO TO EVOLUTION** **Jean Baptiste Lamarck** \- 3 THEORY( **need, use & disuse, acquired characteristics** ) \- believed that animals adapt/change overtime \- he also believed that the environment **played a role in shaping an organism's inherited traits** **- Lamarck would likely agree with offspring inheriting their acquired traits from their parents during their lifetime** **THEORY OF NEED** \- the organism needs to change in order to survive **THEORY OF USE AND DISUSE** \- when organs aren't use in its functions, then they will disappear, and when it is used it will continue to develop (eg,.. giraffes neck) **THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS** \- an organism traits develops during their lifetime can be passed on their generation (offspring) \- not every characteristics can be acquired by the offsprings **Charles Darwin** \- proposed an entirely different mechanism to evolution of species \- **theory of natural selection** **- survival of the fittest drives evolution** \- he sailed for 5 years 1831-1836 with the **HMS beagle** **-** he also **proposed "Natural selection" as the main mechanism driving evolution** **Natural Selection** \- those organism who has adaptive characteristics can survive, while, those who doesn't have will eventually die \- organisms with traits well-suited to their environment **were more likely to survive and reproduce** \- traits that **becomes more common in a population** will **increase the organism's survival and reproduction** **Artificial Selection** \- humans guiding the evolution of a species to **develop certain desirable traits** \- **selective breeding** \- humans are **NOT ALLOWED** to breed, **only organisms and plants** (eg,.. **horses are being selective bred to better enhance their traits, some are used for horse racing or riding**) **Genetic Variation** \- **NO** two individuals has the same DNA \- **Different DNA among individuals and species** **-** in a specie they must have **different eye colors, types of maize, and hair color, as they DON'T share the same DNA** **EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION** FOSSILS \- remains of an organism who was once alive \- found on sedimentary rocks **TRACE FOSSILS** \- **indirect** evidence of the ancient animal (eg,.. footprint, feces, bodily waste, egg) **BODY FOSSILS** \- **direct** evidence of the ancient animal (eg,.. bones, teeths, skin) **RELATIVE DATING** \- the **lower** it is on the sedimentary rocks the **older** it is, the **newer** it is on the sedimentary rocks the **younger** it is (depends on how deep it is on the ground) **ABSOLUTE DATING** \- determines the **exact age of the fossils using the Carbon - 14** (the deeper the rocks are the older the fossils, vice versa) \- **more carbon 14 younger** \- **less carbon 14 older** **COMPARATIVE ANATOMY** \- study of **similarities and differences in the structure** \- 2 main concepts ( homologous and analogous) **HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE** \- **SAME ANCESTORS** \| **SIMILAR STRUCTURES**\| **DIFFERENT** FUNCTIONS \- DIVERGENT \- Similarities in the **DNA sequence of humans and chimpanzees** **ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE** \- **DIFFERENT ANCESTOR** \| **DIFFERENT STRUCTURES** \| **SAME FUNCTIONS** (eg,.. birds & bats) \- CONVERGENT **BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE** \- small mutations and changes in the DNA (determine how species evolves overtime) **TYPES OF BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE** **ANATOMY** \- body parts of a species resembles another body parts of a species **EMBRYOLOGY** \- embryos grow and develop **MOLECULAR BIOLOGY** \- study of the structure and function of biological molecules, such as DNA. **BIOGEOGRAPHY** \- provides information on how and when species may have evolved **TECHNOLOGY OF BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE** **DNA SEQUENCING** \- known to make up a strand of DNA \- exact order of the **four nucleotide bases** (**Adenine , Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine )** **PROTEIN SEQUENCING** \- determine the precise sequence of amino acids in a protein or molecule chain **PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY** \- separation of components occur between 2 liquid phases **PROTEINS** \- molecules that help repair body parts **AMINO ACIDS** Building blocks of protein chains **BIODIVERSITY** **DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS** \- directly affects **predation, lack of resources, infectious diseases and parasites, predation, competition for food, water supply, and space** \- factors that **affect population size more strongly when the population density is high.** **DENSITY-INDEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS** - - - **LIMITS TO POPULATION SIZE** - - - **CARRYING CAPACITY** -maximum population size an environment can sustain \- when a population hits its carrying capacity it **stabilizes** around the carrying capacity **DENSITY** \- number of **organisms** per area **POPULATION DENSITY** \- Number of **individuals per unit area** **LOGISTIC GROWTH** \- **limited** resources \- reaches its carrying capacity \- population decreases \- stagnant growth \- goes up and **can be stagnant and it can also exceed the carrying capacity** \- the population grows rapidly at first, then slows down as it approaches the carrying capacity, and **eventually stabilizes around this capacity.** **EXPONENTIAL GROWTH** \- **unlimited** resources \- population keeps on **increasing** **INFOS:** - - - - - - - **Explanation:** having a variety of different species makes the ecosystem stronger and better able to survive changes, like diseases, climate shifts, or other disturbances. It's like having a backup plan -- if one species is affected, others can step in to keep things balanced. - - **Explanation: They spread more rapidly in larger populations, increasing the overall disease load** - - - - -