Science Quiz #1 PDF - Jan 17, 2025

SCIENCE QUIZ #1 - Jan 17, 2025 KEY TERMS: 1. Asteroids: Small, rocky objects in space, mostly found between Mars and Jupiter. 2. Planetesimal: Tiny building blocks of planets that formed from dust and gas in space. 3. Terrestrial: Refers to rocky planets like Earth, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. 4....

SCIENCE QUIZ #1 - Jan 17, 2025 KEY TERMS: 1. Asteroids: Small, rocky objects in space, mostly found between Mars and Jupiter. 2. Planetesimal: Tiny building blocks of planets that formed from dust and gas in space. 3. Terrestrial: Refers to rocky planets like Earth, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. 4. Jovian Planets: Large, gas-filled planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune also known as gas giants. 5. Accretion: The process of particles coming together to form larger objects in space. 6. Inner Planets: The four closest planets to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars). 7. Outer Planets: The four planets farther from the Sun (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune). 8. Geocentric: An old model of the universe that places Earth at the center. 9. Kuiper Belt: A region of space beyond Neptune that contains many small icy bodies (Comets). 10. Condensation: The process where gas cools and changes into liquid or solid forms, helping to form solid materials in space. 11. Oort Cloud: A distant, spherical shell of icy objects surrounding our solar system. 12. Retrograde: The backward movement of a planet as seen from Earth. 13. Nebular Theory: The idea that the solar system formed from a cloud of gas and dust. 14. Heliocentric: A model of the universe that places the Sun at the center, with planets orbiting around it.  SPHERES OF THE EARTH SPHERE STANDARD DEFINITION HIGH DEFINITION QUESTIONS Atmosphere The layer of gases Thin layer of air around the Earth, What layer of Earth acts like a surrounding the earth made of gases like oxygen and protective shield from harmful solar nitrogen. It is held by gravity and radiation and space particles? protects us from harmful rays and heat from the Sun. Which layer contains the gases that make up the air we breathe? Asthenosphere A semi-fluid layer of the Soft, gooey layer of the Earth's mantle In which layer of the Earth do the Earth’s mantle that helps move tectonic plates. tectonic plates "float" due to its semi-fluid nature? Biosphere All living things on Earth All living organisms and ecosystems Which of Earth's spheres includes both found on Earth, including plants, plants and animals? animals, and microorganisms. Cryosphere The frozen part of Earth The Earth's ice and snow, which Which Earth sphere is responsible for includes glaciers, ice caps, and the frozen parts of the planet, including permafrost. polar ice? Exosphere The outermost layer of the The outermost region of the Earth's Which layer of the atmosphere atmosphere atmosphere that gradually fades into extends into space and is the farthest space, containing very sparse from Earth? particles. At what point in the Earth's atmosphere do particles become so far apart that they eventually drift into space? Geosphere The solid part of the Earth Composed of rocks, soil, and the Which sphere is responsible for the Earth's inner and outer layers, Earth’s surface features, like  including the crust, mantle, and core. mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes? Hemisphere Half of the earth divided by Refers to one of the two halves of the What do we call the half of the Earth equator Earth, either the Northern and located north of the equator? Southern Hemispheres or the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. (Northern Hemisphere) Hydrosphere The water component of All the water on Earth, covering about Which Earth sphere covers about 75% Earth 75% of the planet, found in oceans, of the planet’s surface? rivers, lakes, groundwater, and glaciers. Ionosphere Part of Earth’s upper A region in the upper atmosphere that What layer of the atmosphere is atmosphere filled with contains electrically charged particles crucial for satellite communication and charged particles and plays a crucial role in transmitting radio wave transmission? radio signals and supporting satellite communication. Lithosphere The rigid outer layer of The hard outer layer of the Earth, Which Earth layer is broken into Earth including the crust and the uppermost tectonic plates that float on the part of the mantle, where tectonic semi-fluid asthenosphere? plates are found. Magnetosphere Area around Earth A protective region around the Earth Which protective layer around the influenced by magnetic field where the planet's magnetic field Earth helps to deflect harmful solar interacts with solar winds and cosmic wind and cosmic rays? particles, shielding the surface from harmful radiation. Mesosphere The Layer between A region of the Earth's atmosphere Which atmospheric layer experiences stratosphere and where temperatures drop and meteors the coldest temperatures, where thermosphere burn up before reaching the Earth's meteors disintegrate? surface. Stratosphere The Layer above the The second layer of Earth's Which layer of the atmosphere  troposphere atmosphere, which contains the ozone contains the ozone layer that protects layer that absorbs and scatters us from ultraviolet rays? ultraviolet solar radiation. Thermosphere The Layer above A region characterized by very high Which layer of the atmosphere mesosphere temperatures where satellites orbit and contains the ozone layer that protects auroras (Northern and Southern us from ultraviolet rays? Lights) occur due to ionized gases. Troposphere Lowest layer of the The lowest layer of the atmosphere, Where do most of the Earth’s weather atmosphere where weather containing most of the Earth’s weather events, such as thunderstorms, occur? occurs systems, such as clouds, rain, and storms. Textbook Summary Notes (pp. 13-20) Solar System Structure: - Planets orbit nearly circular paths around the sun, rotating in a counterclockwise direction. - The arrangement of planets follows a specific pattern based on their distances from the sun. - The Solar System consists of the sun, planets, and various celestial bodies, influenced by gravitational forces. ​ Buffon's Collision Theory - Proposed by Georges-Louis Leclerc. - Suggests that the solar system formed from collisions between celestial bodies. - Resulting debris formed planets and other solar system structures. ​ Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory - Based on ideas from Descartes, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace. - Proposes a gas cloud (solar nebula) collapsed to form the solar system. - Spinning disk with a bulge at the center formed the sun, while regions contracted to form planets. ​ Jeans-Jeffreys Tidal Theory - Developed by James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jeffreys. - Explains that the sun and planets were created through gravitational interactions and tidal forces. - The solar nebula was influenced by nearby stars, leading to the formation of the solar system. ​ Solar Nebular Theory (SNT) - A modern interpretation of the formation of the solar system. - Suggests that the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas and dust. - The rotation caused the material to flatten into a disk, leading to the formation of the sun and planets.