Science Review: Plants, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration PDF

# Additional Study Guide Material: Plants, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration ## Plant Tissues * **Ground Tissue:** Contains cells important for photosynthesis and food storage. Also provides structure and includes cells which use energy to conduct photosynthesis. * **Dermal Tissues:** Preven...

# Additional Study Guide Material: Plants, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration ## Plant Tissues * **Ground Tissue:** Contains cells important for photosynthesis and food storage. Also provides structure and includes cells which use energy to conduct photosynthesis. * **Dermal Tissues:** Prevent the loss of water needed for photosynthesis. * **Xylem:** Transports water required for photosynthesis. * **Phloem:** Transports glucose (sugar). * **Stomata:** Used for gas exchange; close when plants lose too much water. * Plants with a lot of leaves lose more water to their environment than plants with fewer leaves because the stomata are located on the leaves. * **Guard Cells:** Open and close stomata, which allows for the intake and release of gases. * Carbon dioxide goes in and oxygen is released. * **Flowers:** Cannot reproduce without the seeds of fruit. * **Ovules:** Become seeds; the hard seed coat protects the plant embryo until the seedling emerges. This is an advantage that seed-producing plants have over non-seed producing plants. * **Ovary:** Becomes the fruit. ## Meristematic Tissue * The circled areas are considered meristematic tissue. * Meristematic tissue contains the stem cells of the plant. * Meristem cells divide to create more stem cells or give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing. ## Photosynthesis * Photosynthetic organisms, such as zooxanthellae, produce glucose and oxygen. * **Reactants:** Water and carbon dioxide. Light is the form of energy needed to drive the process of photosynthesis. * **Products:** Glucose and oxygen. * Increasing the amount of light increased the rate of photosynthesis. ## Cellular Respiration * ATP, chemical energy, is created through cellular respiration. * **Types:** * **Aerobic respiration:** Requires oxygen. * **Anaerobic respiration:** Does NOT require oxygen; also called fermentation. * In response to lack of oxygen, muscle cells would begin converting pyruvate into lactic acid through fermentation. ## ATP * According to the diagram, ATP contains more energy than ADP. * If you limit the amount of phosphorus, the amount of cellular energy would decrease. Remember, this is because ATP needs P (phosphorus). ATP provides readily releasable energy in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups. Without P, you would not have phosphate groups. ## Plant Structures * **Male Structure:** Called the stamen. * Contains the anther and filament. * **Anther:** Produces pollen. * **Filament:** Supports the anther. * **Female Structure:** Called the carpel or pistil. * Contains the stigma, style, and ovary. * **Stigma:** The sticky top that pollen sticks to. * **Style:** Leads to the ovary. * **Ovary:** Contains the ovules, which contain the eggs. ## Plant Adaptations * **Leaves:** Are the site of photosynthesis; chloroplasts absorb sunlight, which drives photosynthesis. * **Cacti:** Able to absorb enough carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, while prevent excessive water loss. * **Root Hairs:** Increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption. ## Processes * **Glucose** in the presence of oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water. This is **aerobic respiration**. * Aerobic respiration produces a lot of ATP (36-38 ATP). * Anaerobic respiration produces a little ATP (2 ATP). * Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration require glucose. * **Oxygen:** When the body uses oxygen (we get this by inhaling air), carbon dioxide is produced and released (exhaling). * **Pain in muscles:** When elite athletes perform intense exercise, they can start feeling pain in their muscles because their cells are switching to anaerobic respiration to make smaller amounts of ATP. * **Energy flow between photosynthesis and cellular respiration:** Sunlight → photosynthesis → Glucose → cellular respiration → ATP. * **Plants:** Provide oxygen, which is needed by animals. **Animals** release carbon dioxide, which is needed by plants. * **Reactants of photosynthesis:** The products of cellular respiration. * **Energy:** Stored during the process of photosynthesis and released during cellular respiration. * **Role of ATP:** To transport energy.