Science Final Revision Worksheet PDF

Science Final revision worksheet Semester one Answer the following questions. 1. Look at the diagram. Write the name of each type of plate boundary shown below. How each boundary forms? A. Divergent Boundary...

Science Final revision worksheet Semester one Answer the following questions. 1. Look at the diagram. Write the name of each type of plate boundary shown below. How each boundary forms? A. Divergent Boundary: when two plates two move & spread away from each other B. Convergent Boundary: when two plates move towards each other and collide. Transform Boundary: when two tectonic plates slide past each other. 2. Identify the similarities and differences between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. Similarities Differences Both are solid in the The lithosphere upper layers of Earth contains rigid rock made of rock Both are above the Asthenosphere lower mantle contains rock that can flow 3. Describe how mud and fossil deposits support the hypothesis of seafloor spreading. 1  The crystals in basalt act like weak magnets that align with Earth’s magnetic field. Over time, as new seafloor is created, the magnetic alignment of new basalt rock matched the alternating magnetic field of Earth. 4. What does unconformity mean? A boundary between layers of sedimentary rock that represents an interruption in the deposition of sediment. Or: Are geological features that represent gaps in the rock record, indicating periods of erosion or non-deposition. 5. What are the three types of unconformities? a. Angular unconformity is a type of unconformity in which younger sediment rest on the eroded surface of tilted or folded older rock. b. Nonconformity in which layered sedimentary rocks lie on an erosion surface of igneous or metamorphic. 2 c. Disconformity an interruption in the deposition of sediment in which the sedimentary layers above and below the interruption are parallel. 6. What type of unconformity occurs when sedimentary rock lies on igneous rock? Nonconformity 7. Look at the map below. 2 3 1 a. What does the map show? The map shows average wind speeds across the United States. b. Which two areas are BEST suited for wind power development? Select the two best answers. Coastal waters (1) and Central Plains (2) 8. A geologist sketches the following diagram of a sedimentary geologic formation that contains a dike. 3 Which layer of the geologic formation is most likely the oldest? Layer A Which layer of geologic formation is most likely the youngest? Dike layer 9. What fractures during the process of hydraulic fracturing? The rock layers fracture to recover gas & oil. 10. Explain the process of fracturing. A technique for recovering gas and oil from rocks. The high-water pressure fractures the rock, allowing it to release some of the gas and oil contained in it. 11. Why is fracking not good for the environment? Polluting air & water Threaten wildlife 12. What happens during mass extinction events? Many species die off. 13. What are the events do scientists believe may have been responsible for a mass extinction on Earth in the past? Volcanic eruptions and asteroid impacts. 14. A geologist hypothesizes that this geologic formation was tilted by tectonic forces based on the observation that sediment usually accumulates in parallel layers. Which principle best supports this hypothesis? 4  principle of original horizontality 15. What do geologists mean when they refer to an unconformity in rock? an interrupting boundary between layers of sedimentary rock 16. Mention the principle that includes the dike cut through the rock layer. Principle of crosscutting relationships 17. Identify the name of an approach to determining the timing of geologic events based on the order in which they occurred. Relative age 18. Where does the energy that comes from nuclear power plants convert into electricity? generated by fission 19. Describe how human use of minerals has changed over time. Prehistoric humans used rocks and minerals to create simple tools and weapons. People then learned to make pottery from clay. Humans employed processes to isolate useful metals such as copper, which they used to make jewelry and, later, farm tools. 20. Describe the two processes through which metal ore deposits are formed. Metal ores are created from two processes 1. Magmatic 2. hydrothermal In a magmatic process, minerals crystallize and settle out as liquid magma cools. In hydrothermal processes, salt-rich water heated by Earth’s interior dissolves metals from rock. 5 21. Identify two types of mineral resources and give examples of everyday goods made from each type. Mineral resources are categorized as: 1. Metallic: minerals are used to produce aluminum foil, copper wires, jewelry, and batteries 2. Nonmetallic minerals: include chalk, salt, limestone, and sand. 22. What are the relative ages of rocks A, D and G in the figure? Explain your reasoning. The oldest rock layer is A because it is the deepest rock layer, A is younger than layer D by the principle of superposition. Dike F is younger than Dike D because it cuts through Dike D. 23. Compare mineral resources and mineral reserves. Give an example of how each can increase or decrease. Mineral resources Mineral reserves They include currently profitable -They are subsets of mineral concentrations of minerals and resources which are economically those concentrations which may mineable. be profitable in the future. -They include minerals or ores that are currently profitable to mine They decrease as the minerals are They decrease as the extracted and consumed. Profitable minerals are mined and consumed but can increase if the mineral becomes cheaper to mine or its value increases. 6 24. Uranium is abundant and able to produce enormous amounts of energy by nuclear fission. Why then is nuclear energy not a primary energy source in the United States? It includes high economic costs of meeting regulatory requirements, the risk of catastrophic accidents such as those that have occurred at Chernobyl, Fukushima, and Three Mile Island make building new nuclear power plants politically challenging. 25. What are the Four factors have led to the decline of the nuclear power industry? 1. Construction of new reactors in the United States has become so costly & more expensive than that generated by coal power plants. 2. After major accidents at Three Mile Island in the United States (1979), Chernobyl in Ukraine (1986), and Fukushima Daiichi in Japan (2011), many people have become concerned about safety. 3. Serious concerns remain about the safe disposal of nuclear wastes. 4. The demand for electricity has risen less than expected since 1990. 26. Explain the disadvantages of using wind and sunlight to replace all fossil fuels in the production of useful power. Wind and solar resources cannot be stored in tanks and piped through pipelines or shipped by train to consumer areas like fossil fuels can. They need expensive batteries or updates to the electrical grid. 27. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of solar, wind, and geothermal power. Energy resources Advantages Disadvantages Solar Infinite resource Expensive Environmentally friendly Large space cannot be stored in tanks Wind Rapid growth Environmental issues Low operational cost Noise problem cannot be stored in tanks Geothermal power Potential infinite Limited area (volcanic activity) 28. Explain how the different properties of basaltic and granitic rock result in rift valleys. 7  Granitic rock at Earth’s surface is brittle and breaks when stretched. Basaltic magma is hot, as plates diverge, the crust splits apart, forming a rift. As the magma cools, it forms solid rock, which is also brittle. Basaltic rock forms at an oceanic center, whereas some of the rising magma at a continental rift can mix with granitic rock and become rhyolitic (high viscosity) in composition. 29. Describe the similarities and differences in how mountains and volcanos form. Volcanoes form when magma rises through the crust and erupts at Earth’s surface. Mountains form when lithosphere is piled up or folded up on itself. 30. Does the number and shape of Earth’s plates change over time? Explain. The number of tectonic plates is currently eight with several smaller plates. The shape of the tectonic plates changes as the boundaries converge, diverge and the plates move by each other. 31. Plate tectonics is described as a “unifying theory.” What does it unify, and how? Plate tectonics theory explains the same observations that Wegener used to support continental drift as well as other, newer evidence such as the magnetic patterns identified in seafloor rocks. 32. Identify three events that scientists think have contributed to mass extinctions in Earth’s history. Describe how each event could have led to a loss of species on Earth. 1. An impact could have caused blocked sunlight for an extended period of time, reducing the amount of solar energy available for photosynthesis and disrupting food chains so much that many organisms became extinct. 2. Volcanic eruptions could have caused a similar effect by spreading volcanic ash and gases into the atmosphere. 8  3. The movement of continents resulted in the formation of a supercontinent that altered ocean currents. This may have altered levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide & oxygen. 4. An asteroid hitting EARTH. 33. What is the name of the idea that in undisturbed layers of sediment or sedimentary rock, the age becomes progressively younger from bottom to top; younger layers always accumulate on top of older layers. Principle of superposition 34. What are the material that hydrocarbon compounds derived? Hydrocarbon derived from remains of ancient organisms 35. Scientists generally assume that a layer of sedimentary rock that lies at an angle has been shifted by tectonic forces in the past. Is the sentence true or false. True 36. A type of energy resource is expected to grow the most in absolute energy production and consumption over the next few decades? Natural gas. 37. A scientist performs a correlation study on several rock samples from a large area. What is this scientist most likely trying to determine? He is trying to determine which rocks are the same age 38. Give an example for a geologic event is most likely to form a nonconformity. A volcanic eruption followed by the deposition of sediment 39. Which of these is an example of a mineral resource? iron, salt, diamond, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, granite, marble & clay. 40. An observation would provide the best evidence that two samples of rock from different geologic formations are of the same age. The index fossils contained within the rocks are similar. 9 41. Coal is classified into four main types, which form of coal produces the most heat? Anthracite 42. Where would you most likely find igneous ore deposits? Near a volcano. 43. A principle shows that a rock unit must first exist before pieces of it can be broken off and incorporated into another rock unit. Principle of included fragments 44. Which mineral resource is also used as an energy resource? Coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas & uranium ore. 45. You are prospecting for gold in a remote mountain area. In which location would you most likely find a placer deposit? In the bed of a slow, winding stream. 46. Study the table of densities. Which of the following minerals is LEAST likely to be found in placer deposits? Talc. Because it has low density, the grains will be most rapidly moved by flowing water. Write the name of the key term to its definition. (renewable energy, mid-Ocean Ridge, seafloor spreading, plate tectonics, energy resource, nuclear fission, renewable energy, petroleum, hydroelectric energy, non-renewable resource, biofuel, fossil fuel, biomass energy, mineral resource, mineral reserve, mineral resource, hydraulic fracturing, Mass extinction) 1. A sudden, catastrophic event during which a significant percentage of all life-forms on Earth become extinct. Mass extinction 2. the process where the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei and other particles. Nuclear fission 3. any naturally occurring substance or phenomenon that can be used to generate useful heat, light, and/ or electricity. energy resource 10 4. any useful substance or phenomenon that can be replenished by natural processes faster than it is consumed. renewable resource 5. any naturally occurring inorganic solid that is useful to humans and can be reasonably extracted at a profit now or in the future. Mineral resource 6. energy produced by the burning of organic material. Biomass energy 7. the known amount of mineral deposits that can be profitably extracted from Earth. Mineral reserve 8. heat extracted from Earth’s interior and used to generate heat and electricity at the surface. geothermal energy 9. The high-pressure injection of water and chemicals into subsurface rock formations. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) 10. substance of plant or animal origin that can be burned or processed to generate energy. biofuel 11. any fuel derived from ancient organic remains and formed by geological processes. fossil fuel 12. a device that converts sunlight to electricity. Solar cell 13. any resource that cannot be replenished by natural processes as quickly as it is consumed. nonrenewable resource 14. power generated by converting the energy of flowing water to electricity hydroelectric energy 15. a complex mixture of different organic compounds that can be refined to manufacture gasoline, plastics, nylon, and other materials. Petroleum 16. a theory stating that the lithosphere is segmented into several plates that move about relative to one another by floating on and sliding over the upper mantle. plate tectonics 11 17. the hypothesis that segments of oceanic crust are separating at the Mid-Ocean Ridge. seafloor spreading 18. An undersea mountain chain that forms at the boundary between divergent tectonic plates within oceanic crust. Mid-Ocean Ridge 19. The remains of plants and animals that have existed only for a limited geologic period. Index fossil Best of luck☺ Mrs. Maram Azhari 12