Science Exam Review PDF

Science Exam Review U1- Chemistry: ​ Diatomic Elements: ➔​ HOFBrINCl ​ Naming: ➔​ In basic formulas, Ionic Compounds (metal + non-mental), the initial element keeps its name, while the following non-metal element ends in “ide” ◆​ EX: ZnCl2= Zinc Chloride ➔...

Science Exam Review U1- Chemistry: ​ Diatomic Elements: ➔​ HOFBrINCl ​ Naming: ➔​ In basic formulas, Ionic Compounds (metal + non-mental), the initial element keeps its name, while the following non-metal element ends in “ide” ◆​ EX: ZnCl2= Zinc Chloride ➔​ In Molecular Compounds (non-metal + non-metal), we add the following prefixes, to both of our elements.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mono- Di- Tri- Tetra- Penta- Hexa ➔​ These are determined by the value of our SUBSCRIPTS, remembering we CANNOT simplify molecules (unlike Ionic Compounds) ◆​ EX: N2O= Dinitrogen Monoxide ​ Chemical Formulas: How to create them? ➔​ Remembering the Criss-Cross method: ◆​ Pattern of the Periodic Table: 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 ◆​ EX: ➔​ For molecular compounds, all we need to do is identify the value of the prefixes: ◆​ EX:  ​ Cations and Anions: ➔​ In an ionic compound, when an element LOSES one or more electrons, making it positively charged (Cation) ➔​ In an ionic compound, when an element GAINS one or more electrons, making it negatively charged (Anion) U2- Optics: ​ Angle of Incidence: The angle created between the initial ray of light, and the Normal Line ​ Angle of reflection: The angle created between the reflected ray, and the normal line after the initial light ray hits a mirror (Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection) ​ Normal Line: Line down the centre of a mirror ​ Incident Ray: The initial light ray, hitting a mirror ​ Reflected Ray: The reflection of the initial light ray ​ Focus: Where light rays pass through, to either converge or diverge from ​ Principle Axis: A horizontal line through the centre of the mirror/lense to help calculate imagine placement  ​ Types of Mirrors and Lenses: ➔​ Concave Mirror ◆​ Unless reflected outwards (behind the mirror, with dotted lines), the image created in a concave mirror is always REAL ➔​ Convex Mirror ◆​ The image in a convex mirror will always be VIRTUAL ➔​ Converging Lenses: ◆​ Rules are reversed for imagining positions in lenses, SAME side is VIRTUAL, while opposite side is REAL ◆​ Therefore, for Converging lenses, images are typically VIRTUAL ​  ➔​ Convex Lenses: ◆​ The image created is always VIRTUAL ​ SALT Characteristics: Mirrors 1.)​ S: Size 2.)​ A: Attitude (Upright, Laterally Inverted, Inverted, etc..) 3.)​ L: Location (Behind, Same side, Etc..) 4.)​ T: Type (Real vs. Virtual) ​ Index of Refraction equation:  ​ Hyperopia: Far-Sightendness, caused when the distance from the lens to the retina is too small (Image struggles to appear in the retina) ​ Myopia: Near-Sightnedness, caused when the distance between the lens and the retina is too large (Image is created in front of the retina) ​ Presbyopia: Far- Sightnedness as one ages. This is caused when the eye lens loses its elasticity ​ Refraction: ➔​ Slow to Fast: Imagine a car driving on sand, then to a freshly paved road, obviously it will speed up, thus moving away from the Normal ➔​ Fast to Slow: Driving on a freshly paved road, then onto sand, obviously you will drive slower, thus moving towards from the Normal U3- Biology: ​ Why do cells divide? ➔​ To heal themselves/ repair damage ➔​ To reproduce ➔​ To grow (the organism) ​ Major Cell Organelles: ➔​ Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, gives energy to the rest of the cell ➔​ Nucleus: Command centre of the cell, ensuring other organelles accurately perform their jobs ➔​ Cell Wall: Porous wall surrounding PLANT cells, acting as an added layer of protection ➔​ Cell Membrane: Outermost boundary of cells, keeping cell together, determining what enters and exits the cell ➔​ Cytoplasm: “Jelly” filling the cell, cushioning other organelles ➔​ Vacuole: A sac and fluid that stores nutrients, fat, water, waste, etc.. ➔​ Chloroplast: Lining of thylakoid sacs, containing green pigment called “Chlorophyll”, that helps capture the sun's rays, allowing for photosynthesis ​ Functions of each system: 1.)​ Digestive: Break down, and digest food, then excreting the waste 2.)​ Circulatory: Moves/ delivers nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, using blood to carry waste, CO2. Uses White Blood Cells to fight bacteria/infections 3.)​ Respiratory: Gives/ delivers energy to our bodies via oxygen (in blood) BREATHE IN. Helps waste (CO2) exit our bodies BREATHE OUT. ​ How are each system connected?: ➔​ Nutrients diffuse through the walls of the small intestine and enter the bloodstream, as the blood circulates around the body. ➔​ The oxygen in the lungs, taken by the respiratory system, diffuse into the blood of the circulatory system (via capillaries) allowing the blood to provide oxygen for the rest of the body, as it travels.  ​ SHORT ANSWERS: 1.)​ Law of Conservation of Mass: The mass of the reactants are equal to the mass of the products (which is why we balance equations) 2.)​ Naming With Polyatomics: Essentially remembering that polyatomics essentially act as 1 element, with one charge, except they consist of multiple elements. **Reminder that in ionic bonds (Including HOFBrINCl, and multivalent, we can always simplify formulas) ​ pH of Acids and Bases: ➔​ pH= Power of Hydrogen ➔​ H in a formula is acid, OH in a formula is a base ​ Plant vs. Animal Cell: Identification ​ ANIMAL: Centrioles, Lysosome ​ PLANT: Chloroplast, Cell Wall ​ Gas Exchange in the body, Where?: ➔​ Thanks to capillaries, oxygen can be diffused into our blood, as waste (CO2) is dropped off. Capillaries located in Lungs, specifically, the Alveoli. ​ Refraction: ➔​ The movement/bending of light as it travels through one medium to another