Science: Earthquakes - How They Occur, Effects & Responses

SCIENCE D How Earthquakes Occur A Y 1 QUARTER 4 WEEK 1 The crust of the Earth is always moving. The sudden movement of the Earth's crust can cause masses of rocks to change its position and release a big amount of energy that can cau...

SCIENCE D How Earthquakes Occur A Y 1 QUARTER 4 WEEK 1 The crust of the Earth is always moving. The sudden movement of the Earth's crust can cause masses of rocks to change its position and release a big amount of energy that can cause earthquakes. Earthquakes can bring changes to the surface of the Earth. Have you ever experienced an earthquake? What are the possible things that you will do during an earthquake? Complete the concept map below by preparing a similar illustration and selecting your answers from the choices given below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Read the passage and answer the analysis questions that follow. Write your answers on another paper. Read each item carefully. Write your answers to the following questions on a separate paper. I. Which layers of the Earth make up the lithosphere? A. mantle and outer core B. mantle and inner core C. crust and upper mantle D. outer core and inner core 2. Which is made up of the liquid part of the mantle and the outer core? A. outer core B. inner core C. lithosphere D. asthenosphere 3. Which materials make up the liquid part of the mantle? A. liquid gases B. molten rocks C. molten plastics D. liquid iron and nickel 4. Why are rocks in the lower mantle molten? A. because of gravity B. because of too much air C. because of high temperature D. because water is mixed with it 5. Which causes the sudden breaking of rocks in faults or cracks in the crust? A. very heavy rains B. strong thunderstorm C. overpopulation in an area D. movement of molten rocks 6. Which natural phenomenon occurs when rocks break in faults or cracks in the crust due to movement of molten material? A. tornado B. landslide C. earthquake D. volcanic eruption What is an earthquake? An earthquake is the vibration or shaking of the Earth's crust caused by the sudden movement of plates that release a large amount of energy. How does an earthquake occur? An earthquake occurs when rock masses move and change in position. As the rock masses change position, the energy stored in the rock masses is released and transmitted onto the surface in the form of seismic waves. The Earth's crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates. These plates move relative to each other and interact along their boundaries in different plate movements. Earthquakes usually occur along these boundaries. What are the types of earthquakes? If an earthquake is due to sudden movement of the rocks, or when two tectonic plates collide against each other, it is called a tectonic earthquake. If it is due to the movement of magma within the volcanoes, it is called a volcanic earthquake. Sometimes earthquakes also occur because of human activity. Big explosions and the wrong treatment of the ground may trigger man-made earthquakes. Where do earthquakes usually occur? Earthquakes generally occur along faults. Faults are cracks in the Earth's crust between two big plates. When two plates slip past against each other, it releases a big amount of energy that causes the ground to shake. Usually, a ground rupture will be created. The point of origin of an earthquake beneath the surface of the Earth is called focus. The earthquake waves travel from the focus going outward. The epicenter is the point above the focus on the surface of the Earth. It is at this point where earthquake energy is felt the strongest. What agency of the government monitors earthquakes? In our country, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology" and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the agency of the government that monitors earthquakes. Below is the official logo of the agency. The principal mandate of PHIVOLCS is to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and other related geo-tectonic phenomena. How do we measure the strength of an earthquake? The strength and damage caused by an earthquake is measured by magnitude or intensity. Magnitude is recorded by a seismograph in PHIVOLCS station and interpreted using the PHIVOLCS scale. Magnitude is associated with the energy released by an earthquake which is a way to tell its strength. Intensity measures the extent of damage caused by an earthquake on the surface of the ground. It is identified through ocular inspection of the area or the epicenter. Prepare three columns on a separate sheet of paper. Write the items on the first column. Identify the type of earthquake as shown in the pictures and write them on the second column. Finally, describe each type on the third column. What can I do during an earthquake? Shade the circle before the things that you can do during an earthquake. o Get an emergency kit o Go shopping o Move to an open area o Take a selfie/ video o Scream and run around in panic o Drop, Cover, and Hold o Ignore the commotion o Listen to news report o Calm down and assess the situation o Go near dilapidated buildings Complete the following statements by choosing a word from the box below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I learned that... I. The shaking or vibration of the crust of the Earth is known as ________ 2. An earthquake due to sudden movement of the rocks or when two tectonic plates collide is known as ___________ earthquake. 3. An earthquake due to the movement of magma within the volcanoes is called a _________earthquake. 4. An earthquake due to human activity is known as _____________. earthquake. 5. The point of origin of an earthquake underground is the ____________. 6. The point directly above the focus on the surface of the Earth is the ______________. Read each item carefully and answer the following questions. Write you chosen letters on your answer sheet. 1. What is the point of origin of an earthquake below the surface of the earth? A. fault B. focus C. crack D. Epicenter 2. Which phenomenon is caused by a sudden movement or vibration of the earth's crust that causes changes on its surface? A. tsunami B. tidal wave C. earthquake D. storm surge 3. Which type of earthquake is caused by a sudden movement of rocks or the movement of tectonic plates? A. tectonic earthquake B. volcanic earthquake C. artificial earthquake D. man-made earthquake 4.Where do earthquakes originate? A. focus B. epicenter C. mountains D. seismic waves 5. Why do earthquakes occur? A. because of heavy rain in the area B. because of landslide down the slope C. because of over population in the community D. because of the sudden movement of the plates 6. What is the exact point above the point of origin where an earthquake is felt the strongest? A. focus B. crater C. fissure D. epicenter 7. Which type of earthquake occurs due to the movement of tectonic plates? A. volcanic earthquake B. tectonic earthquake C. artificial earthquake D. man-made earthquake 8. Which government agency monitors earthquake activities? A. DAR B. DENR C. PAGASA D. PHIVOLCS 9. Which of the following gives rise to volcanic earthquakes? A. tectonic plates B. landslide rolling C. movement of magma D. water rushing from springs 10.How do man-made earthquakes occur? A. due to human activities such as mining or using explosives B. due to volcanic activity and movement of magma C. due to movement of tectonic plates D. due to over population in a place Earthquake Challenge! Answer the crossword puzzle below. Place your output on a separate paper.  SCIENCE D A Changes on the Surface of the Earth as a Y 2 Result of Earthquake QUARTER 4 WEEK 1 Text Twist! Rearrange the scrambled letters in each number to form a word by answering the question after it. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Let’s Watch! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWzdgBNfhQU 1. What have you seen in the video? 2. What was the effect of large waves to properties and lives of people in Japan? Earthquake has many effects on the Earth's surface. Surface effects include ground shaking, tsunami, landslide, ground rupture, and change in the flow of groundwater. It can bring significant damage to buildings, bridges, roads, and other infrastructures. It can also indirectly cause fire on people's homes. Read the following descriptions of some of the effects of earthquakes on the earth's surface. A tsunami is a series of huge waves, which is an effect of underwater sea earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions. The waves become bigger and taller when it reaches shallow water near the land. When it sweeps inland, it causes damage to properties and loss of lives. A landslide may happen when an earthquake affects or occurs on hilly or steep slopes. It is the movement of a mass of rock or earth down a slope due to ground shaking. Ground shaking is an effect of earthquake that loosens rocks and soil which causes landslide and bury the area below the mountain. It can cause damage to properties and loss of lives. A ground rupture occurs during an earthquake. It is caused by the push and pull of rocks underground causing the surface to tear apart that form gaps or cracks on the ground. Ground rupture can damage buildings, bridges, houses, roads, and other structures. Describe the effects of an earthquake. Choose the letter of the correct answer in the description column. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Enumerate four effects of earthquakes on the earth's surface. Write your answers on another paper. Earthquakes often come without warning. It will bring many changes to the surface of the Earth. Most of the time, it is destructive. If it happens, people in the area of calamity will be affected. They might become homeless, injured, and might even die. Suggest ways on how you can help earthquake victims.  Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose your answers from the words inside the box and place your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I learned that... l. A series of huge waves caused by undersea earthquake is called _________ 2. _________ are cracks or gaps on the ground caused by an earthquake. 3. Movement of mass of rocks or soil down a slope due to ground shaking and bury the area below is an effect of an earthquake known as _____________. 4. An effect of earthquake that causes soil and rocks to loosen is _________________ 5. An earthquake can indirectly cause __________ on people's homes. Read and answer each item carefully. Write your chosen letters on your answer sheet. I. Which of the following conditions happen when the ground shakes and loosens soil that slides and bury the area below the mountain? A. ground rupture B. sand bows C. landslide D. tsunami 2. Which is a series of huge waves caused by earthquakes under the sea? A. tsunami B. earthquake C. storm surge D. ground rupture 3. Which of the following effects of earthquake loosens rocks and soil? A. ground shaking B. ground rupture C. tsunami D. flooding 4. How do landslides happen? A. due to a very strong tornado B. due to huge waves from the sea C. due to ground shaking that loosens soils and rock D. due to typhoon that originates in the Pacific Ocean 5. Which effect of an earthquake happens on steep slopes due to the movement of a mass of rock down the slope? A. tsunami B. mudflow C. Landslide D. ash clouds 6. Which of the following is caused by the push and pull of the ground causing the surface to tear apart? A. tsunami B. landslide C. ash cloud D. ground rupture 7. Which effect of earthquakes most likely affects people living in a hilly area? A. tsunami B. landslide C. flooding D. fissure 8. Which of the following results will happen when a tsunami sweeps towards the land? A. cause mudflow to the area B. give people water for home use C. more ground rupture to the place D. damage to properties and loss of lives 9. Which is a sign of ground rupture? A. gaps or cracks on the ground B. discoloration of the soil C. water on the ground D. flooding in the area 10. Which should a family prepare for any emergency? A. emergency plan B. list of donors C. nice clothes D. appliances Create a slogan that shows awareness on the effect of earthquake to people’s lives.  SCIENCE D A How Volcanic Eruptions Y Occur 3 QUARTER 4 WEEK 1 Identify the changes that occur on the surface of the Earth due to earthquakes. Choose your answer from the box and write them on a separate sheet of paper. 1. It is series of waves in a body of water such as a tsunami ground shaking large lake or ocean caused by the displacement of a ground rupture large volume of water. landslide 2. It is the movement of several forms of mass such as rock, mud and debris, down a slope. 3. It is caused by the push and pull of the ground causing surface to tear apart. 4. It is the shaking of the ground as an effect of earthquake Did you know! Topping the list of most active volcanoes on the planet is Kīlauea on the Hawaiian Islands. Kīlauea is a shield volcano, meaning it has a broad, shield-like shape. It has been erupting continuously since 1983. The volcano is part of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and plays a significant role in Hawaiian cultural folklore. In fact, Kīlauea eruptions have led to the creation of new land as its lava flows into the ocean. What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust where lava, pyroclastic materials, and gases are ejected onto the surface during eruptions. Volcanic eruption changes the landscape in a violent manner. The Earth Speaks Out! Due to heat, pressure builds up deep inside the Earth. This causes magma to rise and escape through volcanic craters. This is how volcanic eruption occurs. Take a look at the illustrations below and do as instructed. Based on the description of the given volcanic eruption below each illustration, sequence the events by writing numbers 1- 4 in the box above it. Alternatively, write your answers on a separate paper. The eruption of a volcano is a process. A volcanic eruption is a way for magma from inside the Earth to escape. Deep within the Earth the temperature is high that causes the rocks to melt and form magma. There are several factors that can trigger a volcanic eruption. The triggers could be the rising of a less dense magma, the pressure associated with gases in magma and the injection of magma in an already filled magma chamber. The main parts of a volcano are the magma chamber, conduits, vents and craters. The hollow spot within the volcano is the magma chamber where gases and magma accumulates. Magma is less dense compared to rocks making them rise towards the surface of the Earth. Pressure builds up deep inside the Earth that causes magma to rise and escape through the openings called volcanic vent. Gases in the magma chamber, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, expands as temperature rises contributing to higher pressure. In some cases, new magma gets injected to an already filled magma chamber causing pressure to build up and contribute to eruption. During the eruption, magma shoots up out of the volcano and flows down the side of the mountain as hot flowing lava. Magma that reached the surface becomes lava. The volcano also releases ashes and gases. Volcanic activities are written inside the box below. Using the ladder organizer, sequence the events about how volcanoes erupt. On the first step of the ladder, write what happened first and so on by writing the letters of the activities. Write your answers on a separate paper. What can I do during a volcanic eruption? Shade the circle before the things that you must do to keep you safe during a volcanic eruption. o Cover your nose and mouth with a damp cloth. o Get an emergency kit. o Scream and run around in panic. o Take a video of the erupting volcano. o Calm down and assess the situation. o Evacuate to a safe place or evacuation area. o Ignore the commotion. o Listen to news report. o Pay attention to the warnings of local authority. o Close the doors and windows and stay inside. Read and answer the following items by choosing the word that correctly completes the given statements. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I have learned that… 1. A volcanic eruption occurs because of a very high (acid, temperature) inside the Earth. 2. Deep inside the Earth (pressure, lava) builds up because of high temperature. 3. Magma is pushed (up, down) and escapes through a hole called a vent. The questions below are the description of how volcanic eruptions occur. Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. 1. In what way does magma come out from the interior of the earth? A. flooding B. Landslide C. earthquake D. volcanic eruption 2. How would the temperature within the Earth be described? A. low temperature B. high temperature C. average temperature D. below average temperature 3. Which of the following are hot, molten rocks found in the Earth’s interior? A. magma B. lava flow C. ash deposit D. volcanic rock 4. When lava, rocks, gases, and other hot materials from the interior of the earth, are thrown out of the volcano, what phenomenon is happening? A. tsunami B. landslide C. earthquake D. volcanic eruption 5. What will build up inside the Earth with the continuous heating and melting of rocks in the Earth’s interior? A. mudflow B. pressure C. rocks D. lava 6. Which of the following is geologic structure on the surface of the Earth where molten rocks from the Earth’s interior come out during eruption? A. mountain B. landslide C. earthquake D. Volcano 7. Which of the following refers to the molten rocks that reached the surface of the Earth? A. fertilizer B. acid rain C. lahar D. lava 8. What is a volcano? A. a very high mountain with trees B. a set of plates that bump into each other to form a landform C. a violent shaking of the Earth that occurs when two plates collide D. an opening in the Earth's crust where magma passes to the surface 9. What is a hot molten material from the Earth’s mantle that flows out of volcanoes? A. tectonic plate B. crustal rock C. magma D. Cinder 10.What causes the rocks to melt inside the Earth? A. high temperature B. high pressure C. weight D. force Prepare on a sheet of paper, a similar set of blocks, arrows and blanks as the ones below. Draw inside the boxes you have drawn, the correct sequence of events on how a volcanic eruption occurs. Describe what happens in each event by filling in the blanks under each drawing. Place your output on a separate paper.  SCIENCE D A Changes on the Surface of the Earth as a Y 4 Result of Volcanic Eruption QUARTER 4 WEEK 1 Presentation of homework. Below is a write-up about the eruption of a volcano and its effects on the environment. Read and study the write-up to answer the activity that follows. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. The effects of volcanic eruptions are listed in column A of the table below and the description of each effect is listed in column B. Match the effects with its description by choosing the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in on a separate paper. Volcanic landslides, emission of gas, mudflow, lava flow, clouds of hot volcanic ash, ash deposits, and formation of new landforms are some of the effects of a volcanic eruption. Many places, even miles away, could be affected by a single volcanic eruption. The following describes some of these major effects of volcanic eruptions. Hot flowing lava from an erupting volcano can reach surrounding communities. Lava that leaves the vent of a volcano can reach around 1,200 degrees Celsius immediately after being released. The temperature of the flowing lava drops significantly as it is exposed to the air but is still able to maintain a significantly high temperature sufficient to burn almost everything on its path, including people and infrastructures like roads and bridges. Volcanic eruptions are associated with vibrations of the ground called tremors. These tremors disturb the balance in the soil that results to Volcanic landslides, which are large heaps of wet or dry rock and soil that slide, or flow speedily down the slope of a volcano due to gravitational force during a volcanic activity. Volcanic landslides may contribute to mudflow that can travel as much as 200- kilometers downstream. Volcanic eruptions contribute to burning where ash is a common by product. Violent volcanic eruptions contribute to a significant amount of ash that can be released into the atmosphere forming ash clouds that cover the incoming sunlight. Because of this, major volcanic eruptions contribute to a significant reduction in local or even global temperature. With gravitation pull, ashes eventually fall to the ground. Ash deposits are ashes that usually deposit on roofs of houses and other buildings. An eruption causes many roofs to collapse because of the weight of the ash deposit made wet by heavy rains. Volcanic eruptions also provide agricultural benefits as the soil becomes fertile after an eruption. When ash deposits and mud mix with rainwater, they become mudflow. Mudflows cause further destruction than the eruption itself as it buries villages. Lahar may also result as an effect of volcanic eruption, which is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of volcanic materials, rock debris, water, etc. Volcanic eruptions also emit gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which can cause air pollution and is dangerous to human health. Volcanic eruptions can change the landscape of the Earth. New landforms can be created by volcanic eruptions. Landforms created by lava include domes, plateaus, and volcanoes. Match the effects of a volcanic eruption in column A with its description in column B. Write your answers on another paper. A volcanic eruption is a natural calamity that can bring danger to people’s lives without warning. Victims are usually left with nothing but their lives. Suggest ways on how you can help victims of a volcanic eruption. Read each statement and choose the correct answer from the options inside the box. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I have learned that… 1. Volcanic eruptions can bring __________ to the surface of the Earth. 2. Volcanic eruption have __________ and ________ effects on the environment. 3. The harmful effects of volcanic eruption are __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________. 4. The beneficial effect of volcanic eruption is making the soil __________. Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. 1. Which of the following is a benefit of volcanic eruptions? A. attracts tourists B. prevents flooding C. controls landslide D. makes the soil fertile 2. Which material will form when ash deposits and mud from the eruption mixed with rain water from monsoon or typhoon? A. fertilizer B. acid rain C. lava flow D. mudflows 3. How can volcanic eruptions change the landscape of the Earth? A. It forces people to transfer residence. B. It provides agricultural benefits. C. It turns gases into islands. D. It creates volcanic islands. 4. Which of the following causes roofs to collapse when mixed with rainwater because of its weight? A. ash deposit B. ash cloud C. mudflow D. lava 5. Which of the following is a good effect of a volcanic eruption? A. It covers the land with lahar. B. It makes the soil rich and fertile. C. It forces people to transfer residence. D. It brings destruction to the environment. 6. What will develop over time when the lava builds up as a result of volcanic eruption? A. lakes B. Valleys C. streams D. plateaus 7. Which of the following happens when a large heap of wet or dry rock fragments slides down the slope of a volcano due to gravitational pull? A. lahar B. mudflow C. lava flow D. volcanic landslide 8. Which can cause air pollution as a result of volcanic eruptions? A. emission of gases B. lahar flow C. ash cloud D. mudflow 9. When released during a volcanic eruption which of the following will cover incoming sunlight and reduce the temperature? A. mudflow B. ash cloud C. lahar flow D. emission of gases 10. Why is volcanic eruption dangerous to human health? A. It brings out lava to the environment that can burn the skin. B. It emits volcanic gases which is dangerous to human health. C. It makes the soil in the area fertile which is good for planting. D. It forces people to transfer residence very far from their homes. Read the descriptions of the effect of the volcanic eruption below and supply the missing letters to complete the word before it. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.