Science 10 ZZ Class Notes - 1 PDF

MODULE 2 CLASS NOTES Our telescopes are limited in scope Module 2 – The Big Bang Theorye thus the launch of the planetary voyage Astrophysics and Cosmology Astrophysics –...

MODULE 2 CLASS NOTES Our telescopes are limited in scope Module 2 – The Big Bang Theorye thus the launch of the planetary voyage Astrophysics and Cosmology Astrophysics – application of Plasma physics to the study of celestial Gas can be turned into Plasma bodies (Liquid cannot be directly Cosmology – study of the origin of transformed into Plasma) the universe and the development of Plasma – at the very high the universe temperatures of stars, atoms lose their electrons. The mixture of Galileo Galilei electrons and nuclei that results is Development of early telescopes the plasma state of matter. Used telescopes to observe celestial bodies Why Plasma? Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfven Giordano Bruno coined the Plasma Universe Theory Born 5 years after Copernicus (Plasma Cosmology) published his heliocentric view Visible Universe is about 99.9% of He suggested that there could be Plasma (including sun, stars, planets outside the solar system planets) Firmly states that the stars are just Theory posited that the universe had like our Sun and many host planets no beginning and that plasma – due with intelligent life to its electric and magnetic forces – Burned at the Stake organized the matter in the universe Was later rejected – (Big Bang was Planetary Voyage way better) In 1977, spacecrafts Voyager 1 and 2 were launched by NASA Fundamental Forces Goal: observe Jupiter, Saturn, and Strong Force their satellites Weak Force Original plan: 5-year-limit Electromagnetism Mission Elapsed Time: 47 years Gravity Voyager 1 and 2 - ni-launch in an angle encounter on Monday where they are close enough to Jupiter para morning (July 9, 1979) mag-act ang gravitational pull and umikot ○ Steaks are indicators that the yung voyager and magbend ang trajectory. crust has been fractured and filled by materials from the Voyager 1 - dumaan kay Saturn and diretso interior na (nauna) ○ Possible: inside of Europa is Voyager 2 - dumaan pa kay Uranus and in a liquid phase so kapag Neptune tumagas sa labas magiging solid Heliosphere – protective bubble made of Io – innermost moon of Jupiter particles and magnetic fields that are from ○ Most spectacular mosaic of the Sun Io from Voyager 1 ○ Mosaic kasi limited lang ang Interstellar Space - space or region kaya picturean ni Voyager 1 between stars ○ Colors are thought to be the result of surface deposits of Interestingly, sulfur and sulfur dioxide Voyager carried a greeting to any ○ Two Great Volcanoes: Pele lifeform it may encounter and Loki 12-inch gold-plated copper disk Sound and images selected to What else did they discover? portray Earth 1984: observation of a planetary disk After 47 years, no one has picked up (dust and gas) around Beta Pictoris the gold-plated copper disk yet (pictures only) Carl Sagan - head of committee ○ Selected what to put on the Breakthrough disk In 1992, Polish Astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan and What did they see? Canadian Astronomer Dale Frail Europa – the size of our moon discovered three planets orbiting ○ Satellite of Jupiter pulsar PSR B1257+12, which is ○ Colored image taken by about 1000 light-years from Earth Voyager 2 during its close PSR – Pulsar  B1257+12 (just coordinates) ○ One object he was observing Planet 1 – 3 times the mass of Earth was a Cepheid Variable (67 days) ○ Cepheid Variable – stars Planet 2 – 4 times the mass of Earth which brighten and dim (98 days) periodically Planet 3 – no information Pulsar planets were described as Doppler Effect something between zombies and Apparent change in the frequency of chimeras: they believe that the dust a wave caused by a relative motion, and gas around those planets were between the source of the wave and remnants of previous planets, stars, the observer and system Redshift – object receding waves Solid evidence that there were other appear longer planets outside the solar system Blueshift – object approaching waves appear shorter Galaxies Charles Messier – French Electromagnetic Spectrum Astronomer that observed galaxies Lower frequency – bigger th in 17 Century (has no idea what wavelength galaxies are) Higher frequency – smaller Messier objects – set of 110 wavelength astronomical objects cataloged Fascination with celestial bodies What does the Doppler Effect tell us? started when he witnessed a six-tailed comet (The Great Comet of 1744) Andromeda Galaxy Edwin Hubble – American astronomer that helped us 1929 – Hubble plotted a graph of the understand galaxies velocity of galaxies ○ Thought that the Andromeda More galaxies appear red-shifted Galaxy was just a nebula before  ○ Thus, palayo sa atin ang Radio astronomers from Bell’s mga galaxy na inobserve ni Laboratories, Robert Wilson and Hubble since redshifted nga Arno Penzias discovered the ○ 1 parsec = 3.26 light years COSMIC MICROWAVE ○ The farther the galaxy is, the BACKGROUND RADIATION (CMB) faster it is moving away They won the 1978 Nobel Prize in ○ The universe is expanding Physics for their work Buzzing sound – killed pigeons Alexander Friedmann ○ Unfortunately, even though Russian mathematician-physicist they killed the pigeons, there who used Einstein’s Theory of was still a sound General Relativity to assume two things What’s with the CMB? ○ The universe looks identical Leftover radiation from the Big Bang in whichever direction we Invisible to the human eyes, but is look everywhere in the universe ○ If and only if, we were So cold, 2.7 degrees above absolute observing the universe from zero. (Only visible in the microwave anywhere else part of the electromagnetic spectrum) How old is the universe? Only hot bodies emit light. Because Believed to be 13.8 billion years old the CMB is cold, it cannot emit light Big Bang Theory Start of the Big Bang Theory (Inflation) Universe was thought to be infinite 10^-35 seconds (a trillionth of a and ageless trillionth of a second) In 1964, by accident, cosmic Universe started very small microwave background radiation (singularity - infinitely small and was discovered (CMB) dense point) Was not an explosion, rather it was The Universe did not expand to all space stretching and expanding anything, the space was just all at once expanding The Accidental Discovery  Universe has no borders, so there is no such thing as outside the Hadron and Leptons Era universe 10^-6 seconds Cycle of quarks being converted to Start of the Big Bang Theory (Quark Era) energy suddenly stopped 10^-32 seconds Universe is cool enough for quarks Existing universe was so hot, energy to being forming new particles, manifested itself in particles that hadrons (proton and neutron) existed for the tiniest glimpse Different quark combination can amount of time form all sorts of hadrons From gluons, pair of quarks were created, which interacted with one Nucleosynthesis another forming new quark pairs. So far, everything just happened in 1 It was a battle between matters and second anti matters Cold enough for neutrons to decay Every particle has its associated into protons forming the first atom, antiparticle. The antiparticle has the HYDROGEN same mass as the particle but with opposite physical charges Recap When particles and antiparticles Inflation Era – nag-expand yung meet or interact, their goal is to mga space into itself annihilate each other Quark Era – super hot ng universe In the end, matters won due to slight na nagmanifest as particle yung asymmetry energy Planck Era – differentiate one grand Natural Laws Differentiated unifying force into four different 10^-9 seconds forces The one unifying force (from Planck Hadron and Leptons Era – malamig Era) differentiated into 4 (first was na yung universe; pwede na gravity) magkaroon ng stable na atom Each force now act under different Nucleosynthesis – started with rules Hydrogen By now, universe stretched up to Billions of kilometers —  ○ 8 years later – 1877 – JJ MODULE 2 SEPT. 17 LECTURE Thompson showed that cathode rays were charged Standard Model ○ With his belief that atoms Quarks should be neutral, Thompson Leptons deduced that the atoms must Gauge Bosons also be carrying a positive Scalar Bosons charge, hence the pudding model (1904) Fundamental Particles - History ○ This model was short-lived, Democritus and Leucippus – matter but it was the first direct is made up of indivisible particles evidence that atoms have they called atoms structures Question: Atom is derived from what ○ Plum-pudding model Greek word? Gold Foil Experiment ○ Atomos (meaning indivisible) ○ Rutherford proposed that, as the alpha particles carry a Atom positive charge, Atom – most basic unit of matter back-scattering could only Building blocks of matter occur if the massive part of the atom was also positively Discovery of Subatomic particles charged 1869 – German Physicist, Johann ○ Alpha particle Hittorf, observed a glow Bohr’s atomic model The radiation causing the effect was ○ The Bohr model postulates later called a beam of “cathode ray” that electrons orbit the Usually, the cathode is an electron nucleus at fixed energy donor levels. Orbits further from the Give off photon (light) when electron nucleus exist at high energy jumps back to its original orbital levels. When electrons return to a lower energy level, they Development of Atomic Models emit energy in the form of Cathode Ray light (From) The Particle Explosion Hadrons – Anti-particle combination of two or 1928 – British physicist Paul Dirac, three quarks predicted an antiparticle of the Mesons – two quarks electron. Baryons – three What’s the difference between the quarks electron and this anti-particle? Electron and positron (anti-particle of electron) ○ What happens after they collide? They will annihilate each other and produce photons Classification of Particles The standard model (Particle Physics) has been described as being the theory of almost everything Failure of the model is due to the Quark content of the following particle: incorporation of realistic gravitation. Proton- (u, u, d) = +1 charge Thus, the model will only include Neutron- (u, d, d) = 0 charge leptons, quarks, and gauge bosons Lambda- (u, s, d) = 0 charge as fundamental particles Pion- (anti-down, u) = +1 charge Quarks - classified according to their Kaon- (anti-strange, d) = 0 charge flavor (has no physical significance) ○ If may line sa taas ng symbol ○ Elementary charge - anti-particle ○ Quark Confinement Exchange Particles Quarks – cannot exist Physicist Hideki Yukawa – proposed on their own as they that the forced between a pair of need another quark to particles is mediated (or transmitted) form a pair or trio by particles called gauge bosons Gravitons – disproved Force Exchange Acts on Particle Gravitational gravitons all particles Weak nuclear W+, W-, quarks and Z0 leptons bosons Electromagnetic photons Electrically charged particles Strong nuclear gluons quarks and (and gluons (and mesons) hadrons)