Human Reproductive System PDF

Summary

This document is a set of notes on the human reproductive system, covering both male and female anatomy and functions. It details various aspects like objectives, reproduction methods, and hormonal action, as well as features of the organs involved. Diagrams and illustrations are included to aid comprehension.

Full Transcript

Human Reproductive System 3rd Quarter, Lesson 2 Objectives To enumerate and explain the functions of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems; To identify and describe the structures and functions of the Female and Male Reproductive Systems; Organisms reproduce to perpetuate...

Human Reproductive System 3rd Quarter, Lesson 2 Objectives To enumerate and explain the functions of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems; To identify and describe the structures and functions of the Female and Male Reproductive Systems; Organisms reproduce to perpetuate their kind. They reproduce either sexually or asexually. In complex animals, reproduction is carried out through sexual means. This involves the union of gametes. In males, these gametes are called spermatozoa or sperm cells. In females, gametes are called ova or egg cells. Although male and female reproductive systems are structurally different, both female and male reproductive systems have primary and accessory reproductive organs. The primary organs are involved in the production of sex cel s and in the manufacture of hormones. While the accessory organs include the series of ducts that transport the sex cells and are responsible for nourishing and transporting sex cells to the different parts of the reproductive system. Male Reproductive System (Functions) Male Reproductive System (Functions) Spermatogenesis Production of male reproductive cells (spermatozoa) from which it happens at the seminiferous tubules (testes) Male Reproductive System (Functions) Copulation Transfer of sperm to the female reproductive tract during intercourse Male Reproductive System (Functions) Production of Hormones Production of testosterone (male hormone) at the Leydig cells of the testes. Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Scrotum Sac of skin that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity holding the testicles. What is the scrotum for? Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Thermoregulation It keeps an optimal temperature in the testis at about 33°C for sperm production. Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Testes (Testicles) Sites of spermatogenesis and hormone production What are some structures inside the testis that enables it to perform its functions? Tubules converge and unite to form the rete testis and give rise to several ducts which open into theepididymis Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Epididymis Sites of sperm maturation and storage Sperms takes about 20 days to travel through the epididymis and can be stored for several months. Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Vas Deferens Transports mature sperm cells to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation Ejaculation refers to the discharge of semen through the urethra. Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Seminal Vesicles *ACCESORY* Yellowish finger shaped structures found slightly posterior and inferior to the bladder It produces fluids that comprises 60% of the semen. These fluids contain fructose and prostaglandins. Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Prostate Gland *ACCESORY* Chestnut shaped structure enveloping the urethra inferior to the bladder It secretes thin and milky fluid through a series of ducts. Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland) *ACCESORY* It secretes clear, mucus fluid which neutralizes acidic urine along the urethra and provides natural lubrication for intercourse. Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Urethra It transports urine and semen out of the tract. Male Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Penis The copulatory organ of the males, also provides the channel by which urine and semen leaves the body Female Reproductive System (Functions) Female Reproductive System (Functions) Oogenesis Production of sex cells in the form of ova or egg cells in the ovary Female Reproductive System (Functions) Copulation Receives sperm cells from males during sexual intercourse Female Reproductive System (Functions) Production of Hormones Produces hormones such as progesterone and estrogen which plays an important role in the ovarian and uterine cycles Female Reproductive System (Functions) Pregnancy and Child Birth Provides sites for egg fertilization and development, also serves as birth canal Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Ovaries These are the primary female reproductive organs where ova are formed. Female Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Fallopian Tube These tubes transport the ova to the uterus with the aid of the fimbriae and cilia. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube. Female Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Uterus (The Womb) A pear-shaped muscular organ in the upper female reproductive tract. This is where fertilized egg or zygote is implanted. Female Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Cervix Located in the lower portion of the uterus, between the uterus and vagina The cervix acts as a passage through which the baby exits the uterus into the vagina. Female Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Vagina A tube-like muscular structure measuring about 7.5 cm that connects the internal reproductive organs with the external genitalia. Female Reproductive System (AnaPhy) Vulva The external female genitalia which runs from the pubic area downward the rectum. Features : Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris, Urethral opening, Vaginal opening, Vaginal vestibule, Bartholin’s Gland Hormonal Action in the Female Reproductive System 3 rd Quarter, Lesson 2 Objectives describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system; explain what happens during each stage of the menstrual cycle and the ovarian cycle; Objectives explain what happens during each stage of the menstrual cycle and the ovarian cycle; TECHNICAL TERMS Menstruation Menarche Feedback Mechanism Menopause Homeostasis Menstrual Cycle (Uterine cycle & Ovarian Cycle) Menstrual Cycle (Uterine cycle & Ovarian Cycle) Menstruation (Day 1 – 5) Menstrual Cycle (Uterine cycle & Ovarian Cycle) Follicular Phase (Day 1 – 13) Menstrual Cycle (Uterine cycle & Ovarian Cycle) Ovulation (Day 14) Menstrual Cycle (Uterine cycle & Ovarian Cycle) Luteal Phase (Day 14 – 28) Menstrual Cycle (Uterine cycle & Ovarian Cycle) FEEDBACK MECHANISM (Types) Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Mechanism Mechanism It involves a response It involves a response that is the reverse of that reinforces the the change detected (it change detected (it functions to reduce the functions to amplify the change). change) Negative Feedback Mechanism Positive Feedback Mechanism FEEDBACK MECHANISM (Hormones) GnRH - Gonadotropin releasing hormone LH – Luteinizing Hormone FSH – Follicle Stimulating Hormone E1, E2, E3 – Estrogen P, P4 – Progesterone Feedback Mechanism Feedback Mechanism Feedback Mechanism

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